“…[39] For C 3 N 4 /rGO (curve ii)a nd RuÀC 3 N 4 /rGO (curve iii), the CÀN=Cp eak had undergone an apparent blueshift to 398.47 eV and 398.65 eV,r espectively.T aken together,t hese results suggest efficient charge transfer from C 3 N 4 to rGOa nd Ru centers. [24,29,40,41] Furthermore, based on the integratedp eak areas, the atomicr atio of N( C ÀN=C) to Ru was estimated to be approximately 2.3 for the RuÀC 3 N 4 /rGO sample, similar to that observed previously with RuÀC 3 N 4 where the ruthenium ions were coordinated to two Ns ites in CÀN=C. [24] Overall, results from the XPS measurements suggested strong electronic interactions among the three structural components of RuÀ C 3 N 4 /rGO, which may have significant impacts on the electrocatalytic activity towardsHER (see below).…”