Unpredictable risk enhances induced neophobia in northern red-bellied dace

Brown, G. E.; Demers, Ebony E.M.; Goldman, Jack A.; Singh, Annick; Chivers, Douglas P.; Ferrari, Maud C. O.

doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.08.012

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…exposed to sudden peaks of temperature (Calcinus laevimanus; Madeira et al 2018). On the other hand, the hermit crabs responded to shell cracking by increasing hiding time after a startle stimulus, and this effect lasted at least 24 h after the treatment application, similar to the expected response after a predation attempt (Brown et al 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Metabolic and behavioural effects of hermit crab shell removal techniques: Is heating less invasive than cracking?

Burciaga

Alcaraz

2023

Anim. welf.

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Hermit crabs (Paguroidea; Latreille 1802) offer great opportunities to study animal behaviour and physiology. However, the animals’ size and sex cannot be determined when they are inside their shell; information crucial to many experimental designs. Here, we tested the effects of the two most common procedures used to make crabs leave their shells: heating the shell apex and cracking the shell with a bench press. We compared the effects of each of the two procedures on the metabolic rate, hiding time, and duration of the recovery time relative to unmanipulated hermit crabs. The hermit crabs forced to abandon their shell through heating increased their respiratory rate shortly after the manipulation (1 h) and recovered their metabolic rate in less than 24 h, as occurs in individuals suddenly exposed to high temperatures in the upper-intertidal zone. Hermit crabs removed from their shells via cracking spent more time hiding in their new shells; this effect was evident immediately after the manipulation and lasted more than 24 h, similar to responses exhibited after a life-threatening predator attack. Both methods are expected to be stressful, harmful, or fear-inducing; however, the temperature required to force the crabs to abandon the shell is below the critical thermal maxima of most inhabitants of tropical tide pools. The wide thermal windows of intertidal crustaceans and the shorter duration of consequences of shell heating compared to cracking suggest heating to be a less harmful procedure for removing tropical hermit crabs from their shells.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Metabolic and behavioural effects of hermit crab shell removal techniques: Is heating less invasive than cracking?

Burciaga

Alcaraz

2023

Anim. welf.

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“…Additional work is needed to examine the potential compounding effects of multiple environmental factors. For example, both unpredictability of risk (Brown et al ., 2020) and foraging competition (Brown et al ., 2022) can increase the strength of neophobic responses. It remains unexplored, however, whether or when the uncertainty attributable to individual factors is additive or interacts. Understanding how animals manage uncertainty caused by anthropogenic change, and how such variance affects fitness outcomes, will have important implications for species conservation in our rapidly changing world (Sih, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…variable ‘amounts’ of risk) or times (i.e. temporally variable risk), relative to a predictable concentration/times (Brown et al ., 2020). Thus, unpredictable variance in risk intensity appears to heighten responses to potential threats.…”

Section: Environmental Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Uncertainty about predation risk: a conceptual review

Crane,

Feyten,

Preagola

et al. 2023

Biological Reviews

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Uncertainty has long been of interest to economists and psychologists and has more recently gained attention among ecologists. In the ecological world, animals must regularly make decisions related to finding resources and avoiding threats. Here, we describe uncertainty as a perceptual phenomenon of decision‐makers, and we focus specifically on the functional ecology of such uncertainty regarding predation risk. Like all uncertainty, uncertainty about predation risk reflects informational limitations. When cues are available, they may be novel (i.e. unknown information), incomplete, unreliable, overly abundant and complex, or conflicting. We review recent studies that have used these informational limitations to induce uncertainty of predation risk. These studies have typically used either over‐responses to novelty (i.e. neophobia) or memory attenuation as proxies for measuring uncertainty. Because changes in the environment, particularly unpredictable changes, drive informational limitations, we describe studies assessing unpredictable variance in spatio‐temporal predation risk, intensity of predation risk, predator encounter rate, and predator diversity. We also highlight anthropogenic changes within habitats that are likely to have dramatic impacts on information availability and thus uncertainty in antipredator decisions in the modern world.

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“…However, we found no difference in the shyness of mosquitofish among risk treatments. Previous studies have shown that the temporal predictability of risk has effects on individuals’ neophobic responses [ 63 ]. There were also some studies suggesting that the effect of temporal predictability may be influenced by other environmental factors [ 64 ], and females may not be highly sensitive to risks as males [ 65 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Predictability in Early Life Shapes Personality of Mosquitofish in Adulthood

Zhang

et al. 2023

Animals

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Animal personality is of great ecological and evolutionary significance and has been documented in many animal taxa. Despite genetic background, personality might be prominently shaped by external environments, and it is significant to explore the environmental factors that influence the ontogeny of animal personality in early life. Here, we reared newborn mosquitofish Gambusia affinis under different treatments of risk predictability (i.e., no risks, unpredictable risks, risks at 5 min after feeding and risks at 2 h after feeding) and measured their two personality traits at sexual maturity. We measured the behavioral repeatability, correlation between behavioral characteristics, and the impact of risk predictability. We found that the fish showed repeatability in exploration in all risk treatments, as well as repeatability in shyness under predictable risks. When growing up in risk treatments, no matter predictable or unpredictable, shyness and exploration showed a negative correlation, suggesting a behavioral syndrome between the two behavioral traits. The fish reared under predictable risks were less explorative than those under unpredictable risks, while there were no differences in shyness among treatments. Besides, smaller fish were bolder and more explorative than larger ones. Our findings imply that risk predictability in early life may play an important role in shaping animal personality and modifying the average behavioral levels.

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Unpredictable risk enhances induced neophobia in northern red-bellied dace

Cited by 9 publications

References 42 publications

Metabolic and behavioural effects of hermit crab shell removal techniques: Is heating less invasive than cracking?

Metabolic and behavioural effects of hermit crab shell removal techniques: Is heating less invasive than cracking?

Uncertainty about predation risk: a conceptual review

Risk Predictability in Early Life Shapes Personality of Mosquitofish in Adulthood

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