Unprotected mothers and infants breastfeeding in public amenities during the COVID-19 pandemic

Wang, Xue; Han, Jun; Lichtfouse, Éric

doi:10.1007/s10311-020-01054-1

Cited by 21 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Disinfection of wastewater having COVID-19 viruses is as important as disinfection of healthcare facilities, medical instrumentation public transport and other public use amenities for containing the spread of COVID-19 (Crini and Lichtfouse 2019 ; Li et al 2020 ; Wang et al 2020 ; Choi et al 2021 ). The various methods applicable for wasterwater treatment specific to COVID-19 virus are mentioned in Fig.…”

Section: Disinfection Methods Against Sars-cov-2 In Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and disinfection of COVID-19 virus in wastewater

et al. 2021

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The coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2, appears as a major pandemic having adverse impact on public health and economic activities. Since viral replication in human enterocytes results in its faecal shedding, wastewater surveillance is an ideal, non-invasive, cost-effective and an early warning epidemiological approach to detect the genetic material of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we review techniques for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in municipal wastewater, and disinfectants used to control viral spread. For detection, concentration of ribonucleic acid involves ultrafiltration, ultracentrifugation and polyethylene glycol precipitation. Identification is done by reverse transcriptase amplification, nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, helicase dependent amplification, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, recombinase polymerase amplification, high throughput screening and biosensor assays. Disinfectants include ultraviolet radiations, ozone, chlorine dioxide, hypochlorites and hydrogen peroxide. Wastewater surveillance data indicates viral presence within longer detection window, and provides transmission dynamics earlier than classical methods. This is particularly relevant for pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 cases.

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Section: Disinfection Methods Against Sars-cov-2 In Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and disinfection of COVID-19 virus in wastewater

et al. 2021

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“…Three months later, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) acknowledged the importance of airborne transmission in the current spread of the novel coronavirus (CDC 2020a ). The risks of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via aerosols have been evaluated in high-risk settings, including correctional and detention facilities (CDC 2020b ), public toilets (Sun and Han 2020b ) and lactation rooms (Wang et al 2020b ).…”

Section: Transmission Of Covid-19 By Virus-laden Droplets and Indoormentioning

confidence: 99%

How human thermal plume influences near-human transport of respiratory droplets and airborne particles: a review

Sun

Han

2021

Environ Chem Lett

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With mounting evidence and notable cases of large clustered infections, airborne transmission via droplets and particles has been recently acknowledged as an effective mode of transmission for COVID-19. How droplets and aerosol particles disperse are being transported into the human breathing zone-the last few inches for airborne transmission to effectuate-remains a key question which has been widely overlooked. Human thermal plume refers to the constantly rising airflows around the boundary layer of human body due to persisting temperature gradients between the body surfaces and the ambient air. Ample evidence indicated that the thermal plume controls the dispersion and transport of aerosols in the human microenvironment. Given that in calm indoor environments most air inhaled by human comes from the boundary layer where thermal plume flows through constantly, the role of thermal plume needs to be scrutinized to predict the diffusion of droplets, aerosols and other airborne carriers of the novel coronavirus around the human body for prioritizing infection control strategies. Here, we assessed the potential influences of the thermal plume on the transmission of COVID-19 and other airborne pathogens by reviewing the most pertinent evidence and analyzing key variables in the formation of thermal plume in indoor environments, e.g., ambient temperature, human posture and type of clothing. Our reviewed evidence and data indicate that the human thermal plume should facilitate the airborne transmission of COVID-19 in enclosed spaces by elevating small droplets and airborne particles into the breathing zone from lower regions and ascending respiratory droplets from the sources into the upper atmosphere. By drawing attention to aerosol transport dynamics in the human microenvironment, these insights may be useful for understanding COVID-19 transmission in enclosed spaces, especially those intended for public use.

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“…Respiratory droplets and contact surfaces have been recognized as the two primary routes of virus spread during the COVID-19 pandemic (WHO 2020a; Sharma et al 2020). In enclosed spaces with inadequate ventilation, airborne transmission may also occur through tiny droplets and particles in air (CDC 2020a; He and Han 2020; Sun and Han 2020;Wang et al 2020). The confined, enclosed space and frequently touched surfaces in passenger vehicles can become high-risk areas of virus transmission during the current pandemic ( Fig.…”

Section: Evidence and Risks Of Covid-19 Transmission In Passenger Vehmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar heating to inactivate thermal-sensitive pathogenic microorganisms in vehicles: application to COVID-19

et al. 2020

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Disinfection is a common practice to inhibit pathogens, yet success is limited by microbial adaptation and our poor knowledge of viral transmission, notably in the current COVID-19 pandemic. There is a need for alternative disinfection strategies and techniques that are adapted to the actual behavior of humans living in densely populated mega-cities. Here, high public circulation in shared passenger vehicles such as taxis, buses and personal cars represents a major risk of viral transmission due to confined space and commonly touched surfaces. Actual regulatory guidelines are not fully successful because they rely both on passengers' willingness to wear face masks and on drivers' willingness to disinfect cars after each shift or each ride with symptomatic individuals. Here we propose that passive solar heating, a sustainable technique that has been used in agronomy to kill weeds and soil pathogens, could inactivate the virus in vehicles during warm-to-hot weather within few minutes to half an hour at 50-60 °C. We measured temperatures in a white compact-size sedan left in a parking lot under direct sunlight. Air temperatures increased from 30 to 42-49 °C after 30 min and then reached a plateau at 52-57 °C after 90 min. Temperatures were about 3 °C higher in front versus back of the car and about 5 °C higher at face height compared to knee height. Since COVID-19 is inactivated in 30 min at 56 °C, our findings confirm that hot air generated passively by solar heating in enclosed spaces is a promising strategy of disinfection with benefits of no added costs, chemicals or worktime. Though this technique appears limited to hot climate, possible heating systems that work during parking time might be developed by vehicle makers to extend the technique to cold climates.

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Unprotected mothers and infants breastfeeding in public amenities during the COVID-19 pandemic

Cited by 21 publications

References 28 publications

Detection and disinfection of COVID-19 virus in wastewater

Detection and disinfection of COVID-19 virus in wastewater

How human thermal plume influences near-human transport of respiratory droplets and airborne particles: a review

Solar heating to inactivate thermal-sensitive pathogenic microorganisms in vehicles: application to COVID-19

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