Unraveling flp-11/flp-32 dichotomy in nematodes

Atkinson, Louise E.; Miskelly, Iain; Moffett, C.L.; McCoy, Ciaran J.; Maule, Aaron G.; Marks, Nikki J.; Mousley, Angela

doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.05.010

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Hg-FLP-22b and Hg-FLP-22c displayed significant stimulatory effects on head movement and stylet penetration ability compared with Hg-FLP-22a, suggesting the two peptides may be significantly more active isoforms of Hg-FLP-22 for activation of putative cognate receptors. Similar observations were also reported by previous studies indicating obvious differences in physiological function and potency between FLP peptides encoded on the same gene in H. glycines , Panagrellus redivivus , or C. elegans ( Masler et al, 2012 ; Atkinson et al, 2016 ). It has been documented that a single FLP receptor can be activated by multiple FLPs, whereas the potency of receptor activation by structurally similar FLPs is different ( Rogers et al, 2003 ; Mertens et al, 2005 ; Cohen et al, 2009 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Until now, FLPs that functionally activate cognate receptors have not been reported in PPN. However, Atkinson et al (2016) presumed that Gp-flp-32R is the cognate receptor of Gp-flp-32 based on their matching RNAi phenotypes and expression pattern, which may not fully reflect the characterization of the FLP-GPCR relationship; more detailed receptor pharmacology experiments are necessary to further verify the observations. The Y59H11AL.1 receptor can be activated by several C. elegans FLP peptides including FLP-22; however, among those peptides, FLP-7 is the most active peptide ( Mertens et al, 2005 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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FMRFamide-Like Peptide 22 Influences the Head Movement, Host Finding, and Infection of Heterodera glycines

et al. 2021

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The FMRFamide-like peptides (FLPs) represent the largest family of nematode neuropeptides and are involved in multiple parasitic activities. The immunoreactivity to FMRFamide within the nervous system of Heterodera glycines, the most economically damaging parasite of soybean [Glycine max L. (Merr)], has been reported in previous research. However, the family of genes encoding FLPs of H. glycines were not identified and functionally characterized. In this study, an FLP encoding gene Hg-flp-22 was cloned from H. glycines, and its functional characterization was uncovered by using in vitro RNA interference and application of synthetic peptides. Bioinformatics analysis showed that flp-22 is widely expressed in multiple nematode species, where they encode the highly conserved KWMRFamide motifs. Quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR results revealed that Hg-flp-22 was highly expressed in the infective second-stage juveniles (J2s) and adult males. Silencing of Hg-flp-22 resulted in the reduced movement of J2s to the host root and reduced penetration ability, as well as a reduction in their subsequent number of females. Behavior and infection assays demonstrated that application of synthetic peptides Hg-FLP-22b (TPQGKWMRFa) and Hg-FLP-22c (KMAIEGGKWVRFa) significantly increased the head movement frequency and host invasion abilities in H. glycines but not in Meloidogyne incognita. In addition, the number of H. glycines females on the host roots was found to be significantly higher in Hg-FLP-22b treated nematodes than the ddH2O-treated control J2s. These results presented in this study elucidated that Hg-flp-22 plays a role in regulating locomotion and infection of H. glycines. This suggests the potential of FLP signaling as putative control targets for H. glycines in soybean production.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

FMRFamide-Like Peptide 22 Influences the Head Movement, Host Finding, and Infection of Heterodera glycines

et al. 2021

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“…Similarly, RIS de-synchronized MN activity. Conservation of not only RIS and of FLP-11 neuropeptides in nematodes 65 but also the neuropeptide VF (NPVF) in fish, which can suppress escape behaviors 66 , suggests that RIS acts as a stop neuron in parallel to/upstream of the ventral nerve cord CPG system 17 . A comparison among worm, fly, leech, tadpole, zebrafish, lamprey, and mouse (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A GABAergic and peptidergic sleep neuron as a locomotion stop neuron with compartmentalized Ca2+ dynamics

et al. 2019

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Animals must slow or halt locomotion to integrate sensory inputs or to change direction. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the GABAergic and peptidergic neuron RIS mediates developmentally timed quiescence. Here, we show RIS functions additionally as a locomotion stop neuron. RIS optogenetic stimulation caused acute and persistent inhibition of locomotion and pharyngeal pumping, phenotypes requiring FLP-11 neuropeptides and GABA. RIS photoactivation allows the animal to maintain its body posture by sustaining muscle tone, yet inactivating motor neuron oscillatory activity. During locomotion, RIS axonal Ca2+ signals revealed functional compartmentalization: Activity in the nerve ring process correlated with locomotion stop, while activity in a branch correlated with induced reversals. GABA was required to induce, and FLP-11 neuropeptides were required to sustain locomotion stop. RIS attenuates neuronal activity and inhibits movement, possibly enabling sensory integration and decision making, and exemplifies dual use of one cell across development in a compact nervous system.

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“…Antibodies can theoretically also be raised against virtually any peptide; however, many invertebrate neuropeptide genes encode more than one biologically active peptide that show high structural similarity to each other, leading to antibody cross-reactivity (Husson et al, 2009;McVeigh et al, 2009;Rowe and Elphick, 2012). Generation of N-terminally directed antisera, which can readily distinguish between peptides with highly similar C-terminal motifs, can help overcome cross reactivity issues (Atkinson et al, 2016). Another limiting factor is the number of peptides (and peptide signaling pathway components) that can be colocalized at the same time through traditional IHC and ICC approaches, which is in contrast to what is seen with MS-based peptidomics tools (see below) that enable the complete neuropeptide profile of the animal, tissue, organ or even a single cell to be deduced at any given time, readily enabling the identification of multiple colocalization events.…”

Section: Methods For Neuropeptide Localizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)] can benefit from the use of target, signal or probe amplification techniques (Qian and Lloyd, 2003). Whilst one caveat of ISH is that the information it provides on RNA localization gives no definite indication of translated peptide distribution, it can relate valuable spatio-temporal information to gene activity when used in conjunction with ICC and IHC (Atkinson et al, 2016).…”

Section: Methods For Neuropeptide Localizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

New techniques, applications and perspectives in neuropeptide research

DeLaney

Buchberger

Atkinson

et al. 2018

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Neuropeptides are one of the most diverse classes of signaling molecules and have attracted great interest over the years owing to their roles in regulation of a wide range of physiological processes. However, there are unique challenges associated with neuropeptide studies stemming from the highly variable molecular sizes of the peptides, low concentrations, high degree of structural diversity and large number of isoforms. As a result, much effort has been focused on developing new techniques for studying neuropeptides, as well as novel applications directed towards learning more about these endogenous peptides. The areas of importance for neuropeptide studies include structure, localization within tissues, interaction with their receptors, including ion channels, and physiological function. Here, we discuss these aspects and the associated techniques, focusing on technologies that have demonstrated potential in advancing the field in recent years. Most identification and structural information has been gained by mass spectrometry, either alone or with confirmations from other techniques, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and other spectroscopic tools. While mass spectrometry and bioinformatic tools have proven to be the most powerful for large-scale analyses, they still rely heavily on complementary methods for confirmation. Localization within tissues, for example, can be probed by mass spectrometry imaging, immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassays. Functional information has been gained primarily from behavioral studies coupled with tissue-specific assays, electrophysiology, mass spectrometry and optogenetic tools. Concerning the receptors for neuropeptides, the discovery of ion channels that are directly gated by neuropeptides opens up the possibility of developing a new generation of tools for neuroscience, which could be used to monitor neuropeptide release or to specifically change the membrane potential of neurons. It is expected that future neuropeptide research will involve the integration of complementary bioanalytical technologies and functional assays.

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Unraveling flp-11/flp-32 dichotomy in nematodes

Abstract: Graphical abstract

Cited by 13 publications

References 37 publications

FMRFamide-Like Peptide 22 Influences the Head Movement, Host Finding, and Infection of Heterodera glycines

FMRFamide-Like Peptide 22 Influences the Head Movement, Host Finding, and Infection of Heterodera glycines

A GABAergic and peptidergic sleep neuron as a locomotion stop neuron with compartmentalized Ca2+ dynamics

New techniques, applications and perspectives in neuropeptide research

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