Unraveling the immune response of the spleen in sepsis using green‐synthesized silver nanoparticles from pomegranate peel extracts

Abstract

Sepsis is a serious disease characterized by an inappropriate host response to infection, resulting in widespread inflammation and systemic organ failure. The aim of this research is to investigate the possibility of pomegranate peel‐derived silver nanoparticles (PGNP) as a potential alternative therapy for sepsis. Characterization using transmission electron microscopy revealed 10–30 nm spherical nanoparticles. In a rat model of sepsis, PGNP treatment improved spleen health, histology, and immune response as compared with septic rats. In rats treated with PGNP during sepsis, significant alterations in oxidative stress markers (p < .01) were observed. These included elevated levels of glutathione (0.63 ± 0.08 mmol/mg protein), reduced concentrations of nitric oxide (8.7 ± 0.8 μ mol/mg protein) and malondialdehyde (2.2 ± 0.3 nmol/mg protein), as well as increased activity of superoxide dismutase (159 ± 33 U/mg protein). Following PGNP administration, gene expression analysis revealed a decrease in spleen IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α, highlighting its anti‐inflammatory potential. Furthermore, PGNP effectively controlled apoptosis‐related genes (Bax, Bcl‐2, and Casp3), indicating its role in cellular survival pathways. This study sheds light on the immunological regulation of the spleen during sepsis using PGNP, demonstrating its potential as a new effective treatment approach. The study emphasizes the necessity of continuing to investigate and develop alternative medicines, particularly in light of antibiotic resistance and the global impact of sepsis.Research Highlights The study explored the potential medicinal benefits of pomegranate peel‐derived silver nanoparticles (PGNP) in the treatment of sepsis. PGNP suppressed pro‐inflammatory cytokines and enhanced the immune response. The study recommends PGNP as a viable substitute treatment.