Unraveling the link: exploring the causal relationship between diabetes, multiple sclerosis, migraine, and Alzheimer’s disease through Mendelian randomization

Abstract

IntroductionObservational studies suggested that diabetes mellitus [type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)], multiple sclerosis (MS), and migraine are associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the causal link has not been fully elucidated. Thus, we aim to assess the causal link between T1DM, T2DM, MS, and migraine with the risk of AD using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study.MethodsGenetic instruments were identified for AD, T1DM, T2DM, MS, and migraine respectively from genome-wide association study. MR analysis was conducted mainly using the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method.ResultsThe result of IVW method demonstrated that T2DM is causally associated with risk of AD (OR: 1.237, 95% CI: 1.099–1.391, P: 0.0003). According to the IVW method, there is no causal association between TIDM, MS, migraine, and the risk of AD (all p value > 0.05). Here we show, there is a causal link between T2DM and the risk of AD.ConclusionThese findings highlight the significance of active monitoring and prevention of AD in T2DM patients. Further studies are required to actively search for the risk factors of T2DM combined with AD, explore the markers that can predict T2DM combined with AD, and intervene and treat early.

Causality between multiple autoimmune disorders and migraine and its subtypes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

“…The association of autoimmune hyperthyroidism with migraine may be related to brainstem and hypothalamic function, as endocrine regulation and pain processing are in these areas ( 34 , 35 ). Cortical diffusive inhibition may be associated between SLE and MA, as seen on imaging ( 36 , 37 ).…”

Unleashing the power of anti-CD20 immunotherapy: Mitigating multiple sclerosis risk in Epstein–Barr virus latent infections

“…30 A causal relationship between neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, MS and diabetes is currently researched across the globe due to the role of oxidative stress and redox status on neurological disorders. 31 Epstein-Barr virus is a human herpesvirus and the causal agent of infectious mononucleosis (IM). Demyelination is understood to be triggered in genetically predisposed individuals by an infectious agent, with EBV being the lead candidate.…”