“…One minor venom component, snake venom phosphodiesterase (svPDE), has been found to be ubiquitous in the venoms of most venomous species in Viperidae (~0.01 – 2.5%) (Damm, Hempel, & Sussmuth, 2021) and Elapidae (~0.4 – 1.1%) (Laustsen et al, 2015; C. H. Tan, Tan, Fung, & Tan, 2015). SvPDE is a soluble high-molecular-weight glycoprotein and is distinct from the intracellular phosphodiesterase (Al-Saleh & Khan, 2011; Mitra & Bhattacharyya, 2014; Oliveira et al, 2021; L. Peng et al, 2011; Santoro, Vaquero, Paes Leme, & Serrano, 2009; Trummal et al, 2014; Valerio, Corradini, Panunto, Mello, & Hyslop, 2002). Since extracellular ATP is involved in epithelial homeostasis (Mori et al, 2022) and also functions as a danger signal of damaged cells through the purinergic signaling pathway (Burnstock, 2016; Cintra-Francischinelli et al, 2010), svPDE, which enzymatically acts on the extracellular ATP, is expected to perturb the related physiological responses.…”