Unravelling air/moisture stability of cathode materials in sodium ion batteries: characterization, rational design, and perspectives

Jia, Shipeng; Kumakura, Shinichi; McCalla, Eric

doi:10.1039/d4ee00796d

Energy Environ. Sci.

2024

DOI: 10.1039/d4ee00796d

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Unravelling air/moisture stability of cathode materials in sodium ion batteries: characterization, rational design, and perspectives

Shipeng Jia,

Shinichi Kumakura,

Eric McCalla

Abstract: With the increasing demand for energy and growing environmental concerns, sodium-ion batteries have garnered significant attention in recent years as a potential alternative to lithium-ion batteries. This is due to...

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Cited by 13 publications

References 207 publications

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Recent Advances in Cathode Materials with Core–Shell Structures and Concentration Gradients for Advanced Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Hou,

Dong,

et al. 2024

Adv Funct Materials

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Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) offer excellent potential for meeting the urgent need to develop low‐cost and durable large‐scale electrical energy storage systems. However, the electrochemical performance of currently available SIBs requires substantial improvement to enable their practical deployment. The cathode material is one of the greatest factors impacting SIB performance. The recent development of cathodes with core–shell structures and concentration gradients offers considerable promise for addressing these issues limiting the implementation of SIBs. Therefore, this review presents the primary factors affecting the development of these advanced cathode materials. First, the study discusses recently developed methods for preparing these materials, including precipitation reactions, ion‐exchange reactions, and doping induction. The study further summarizes recent advances in developing layered transition‐metal oxides, poly‐anionic compounds, Prussian blue analogs, organic molecules, and other cathodes with core–shell structures and concentration gradients. Moreover, the state of understanding regarding the Na storage mechanisms of these heterogeneous cathodes is also presented. Finally, the remaining major challenges restricting the development of these cathode structures are discussed and possible solutions are provided. This review also enables the heterogeneous concepts to be expanded to high‐capacity anodes employed in alkali metal ion batteries.

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Recent Advances in Cathode Materials with Core–Shell Structures and Concentration Gradients for Advanced Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Hou,

Dong,

et al. 2024

Adv Funct Materials

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An Utrastable Mg/Zr Modified P2‐Type Na_2/3Ni_1/3Mn_2/3O₂ Cathode Material for High‐Power Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Yuan,

Ding,

et al. 2024

Adv Funct Materials

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P2‐Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 demonstrates high energy density owing to its high specific capacity and high discharge voltage, but suffering from rapid performance decay due to severe structural degradation and aggravated surface side reaction during high‐voltage cycling. Herein, a Mg/Zr modified Na0.67Ni0.25Mg0.08Mn0.64Zr0.03O2 cathode is proposed with good structural stability and excellent cycling performance, showing reversible capacity of 123.2 mAh g−1 (0.1 C) and capacity retention of 99.1% after 100 cycles. The cycling stability is outstanding among P2‐type cathodes reported so far. In situ XRD analyses reveal a suppressed P2‐O2 phase transition after Mg modification, further incorporation of Zr greatly stabilizes the layered structure as some Zr ions reside in the Na layer providing a pinning effect to reduce the slide of TMO2 layer. First‐principles calculations suggest that oxygen loss in Na0.67Ni0.25Mg0.08Mn0.64Zr0.03O2 cathode is suppressed as Zr incorporation prevents the formation of oxygen vacancies. XPS analyses verify a Zr─O protective layer self‐segregated on particle surface during material synthesis. The expanded Na+ transport channel confirmed by the XRD analysis well explains the favored Na‐ion mobility verified by a high reversible capacity of 105.5 mAh/g at 20 C. This work sheds new light on providing a practical P2‐structured cathode material for high‐power sodium ion batteries.

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Decoding Air‐Exposure Degradation Chemistry and Improving Strategy for Layered Sodium Transition Metal Oxide Cathodes

Li,

Tang,

et al. 2024

Advanced Energy Materials

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Developing suitable cathodes of sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) with robust electrochemical performance and industrial application potential is crucial for the commercialization of large‐scale stationary energy storage systems. Layered sodium transition metal oxides, NaxTmO2 (Tm representing transition metal), possessing considerable specific capacity, high operational potential, facile synthesis, cost‐effectiveness, and environmentally friendly characteristics, stand out as viable cathode materials. Nevertheless, the prevailing challenge of air‐induced degradation in most NaxTmO2 significantly increases costs associated with production, storage, and transportation, coupled with a rapid decay in reversible capacity. This inherent obstacle inevitably impedes the advancement and commercial viability of SIBs. To address this challenge, it is essential to decode the chemistry of degradation caused by air exposure and develop protective strategies accordingly. In this review, a comprehensive and in‐depth understanding of the fundamental mechanisms associated with air‐induced degradation is provided. Additionally, the current state‐of‐the‐art effective protective strategies are explored and discuss the corresponding sustainability and scalability features. This review concludes with an outlook on present and future research directions concerning air‐stable cathode materials, offering potential avenues for upcoming investigations in advancing alkali metal layered oxides.

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Unravelling air/moisture stability of cathode materials in sodium ion batteries: characterization, rational design, and perspectives

Abstract: With the increasing demand for energy and growing environmental concerns, sodium-ion batteries have garnered significant attention in recent years as a potential alternative to lithium-ion batteries. This is due to...

Cited by 13 publications

References 207 publications

Recent Advances in Cathode Materials with Core–Shell Structures and Concentration Gradients for Advanced Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Recent Advances in Cathode Materials with Core–Shell Structures and Concentration Gradients for Advanced Sodium‐Ion Batteries

An Utrastable Mg/Zr Modified P2‐Type Na_2/3Ni_1/3Mn_2/3O₂ Cathode Material for High‐Power Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Decoding Air‐Exposure Degradation Chemistry and Improving Strategy for Layered Sodium Transition Metal Oxide Cathodes

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Unravelling air/moisture stability of cathode materials in sodium ion batteries: characterization, rational design, and perspectives

Abstract: With the increasing demand for energy and growing environmental concerns, sodium-ion batteries have garnered significant attention in recent years as a potential alternative to lithium-ion batteries. This is due to...

Cited by 13 publications

References 207 publications

Recent Advances in Cathode Materials with Core–Shell Structures and Concentration Gradients for Advanced Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Recent Advances in Cathode Materials with Core–Shell Structures and Concentration Gradients for Advanced Sodium‐Ion Batteries

An Utrastable Mg/Zr Modified P2‐Type Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 Cathode Material for High‐Power Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Decoding Air‐Exposure Degradation Chemistry and Improving Strategy for Layered Sodium Transition Metal Oxide Cathodes

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

An Utrastable Mg/Zr Modified P2‐Type Na_2/3Ni_1/3Mn_2/3O₂ Cathode Material for High‐Power Sodium‐Ion Batteries