Unravelling Cryptosporidium and Giardia epidemiology

Cacciò, Simone M.; Thompson, R.C.A.; McLauchlin, Jim; Smith, H. V.

doi:10.1016/j.pt.2005.06.013

Cited by 488 publications

(381 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…lamblia, intestinalis) has earned this cosmopolitan parasite a spot on the World Health Organization's "Neglected Diseases Initiative" (Savioli et al, 2006). Ample evidence suggests that Giardia, which has been found in all classes of vertebrates examined to date, has great potential for zoonotic transmission (Caccio et al, 2005). Various Giardia genotypes have been identified, with assemblages A and B being infectious to humans (Wielinga & Thompson, 2007).…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Heightened Enterocytic Apoptosis and Anti-apopmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathophysiology of enteric infections withGiardia duodenalis

Buret

2008

Parasite

120

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Summary :Giardia is the most prevalent human intestinal parasitic protist in the world, and one of the most common parasite of companion animals and young livestock. Giardia is a major cause of diarrhea in children and in travelers. The host-microbial interactions that govern the outcome of infection remain incompletely understood. Findings available to date indicate that the infection causes diarrhea via a combination of intestinal malabsorption and hypersecretion. Malabsorption and maldigestion mainly result from a diffuse shortening of epithelial microvilli. This enterocytic injury is mediated by activated host T lymphocytes. Pathophysiological activation of lymphocytes is secondary to Giardia-induced disruption of epithelial tight junctions, which in turn increases intestinal permeability. Loss of epithelial barrier function is a result of Giardia-induced enterocyte apoptosis. Recent findings suggest that these effects may facilitate the development of chronic enteric disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and allergies, via mechanisms that remain poorly understood. A newly discovered SGLT-1 glucose uptake-mediated host cytoprotective mechanism may represent an effective modulator of the epithelial apoptosis induced by this parasite, and, possibly, by other enteropathogens. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of giardiasis will shed light on new potential therapeutic targets.

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Section: Mechanisms Of Heightened Enterocytic Apoptosis and Anti-apopmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathophysiology of enteric infections withGiardia duodenalis

Buret

2008

Parasite

120

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“…Although several genes encoding proteins involved in meiosis are present in Giardia (Ramesh et al, 2005), direct evidence for sexual recombination has not yet been shown. Phylogenetic multilocus analysis using 18S rRNA, glutamate dehydrogenase (Gdh), elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1 ) and triose phosphate isomerase (Tpi) gene based molecular methods have been used on representatives of each major genetic group to study the relations among assemblages from different hosts (Monis et al, 1999, van Keulen et al, 2002and Caccio et al, 2005. Zoonotic transmission of G. duodenalis is still under debate and despite increasing knowledge of the molecular identification of Giardia from different host species; the zoonotic potential of G. duodenalis is not clear (Monis and Thompson, 2003, Thompson, 2004and Hunter and Thompson, 2005.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A survey on the transmission of Giardia from dogs to humans indicated that there was no transmission from dogs to humans but that the reverse, transmission from humans to dogs, could be possible (Hopkins et al, 1997). Dogs, however, might not only transmit human adapted Giardia genotypes as was described by a study in an endemic area where humans and dogs were living closely together (Traub et al, 2004) but may also be infected with host-adapted Giardia genotypes (Caccio et al, 2005). Studies designed to investigate zoonotic potential are still based either on limited numbers of isolates from a diverse source or limited molecular identification tools.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotyping of Giardia in Dutch patients and animals: A phylogenetic analysis of human and animal isolates

Giessen

Vries

Roos

et al. 2006

International Journal for Parasitology

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Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia lamblia, Giardia intestinalis) is a protozoan organism that can infect the intestinal tract of many animal species including mammals. Genetic heterogeneity of G. duodenalis is well described but the zoonotic potential is still not clear. In this study, we analysed 100 Giardia DNA samples directly isolated from human stool specimens, to get more insight in the different G. duodenalis assemblages present in the Dutch human population. Results showed that these human isolates could be divided into two main Assemblages A and B within the G. duodenalis group on the basis of PCR assays specific for the Assemblages A and B and the DNA sequences of 18S ribosomal RNA and the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) genes. Genotyping results showed that G. duodenalis isolates originating from Dutch human patients belonged in 35% of the cases to Assemblage A (34/98) and in 65% of the cases to Assemblage B (64/98) whereas two human cases remained negative in all assays tested. In addition, we compared these human samples with animal samples from the Netherlands and human and animal samples from other countries. A phylogenetic analysis was carried out on the DNA sequences obtained from these Giardia and those available in GenBank. Using gdh DNA sequence analysis, human and animal Assemblage A and B Giardia isolates could be identified. However, phylogenetic analysis revealed different sub-clustering for human and animal isolates where host-species-specific assemblages (C, D, E, F and G) could be identified. The geographic origin of the human and animal samples was not a discriminating factor.

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“…that infect humans 21 . Although more than five Cryptosporidium species/genotypes have been described in humans, C. parvum and C. hominis are the species responsible for most cases of cryptosporidiosis in the world 4,5,10 . Genetic analysis of the two clinical isolates of Cryptosporidium spp.…”

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confidence: 99%

Prevalence and genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Cystoisospora belli in HIV-infected patients

Assis

Resende

Cabrine-Santos

et al. 2013

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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SUMMARYCryptosporidium spp. and Cystoisospora belli are monoxenic protozoa that have been recognized as the causative agents of chronic diarrhea in immunocompromised individuals, especially HIV-infected subjects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of these intestinal protozoa in HIV-positive patients in the Triângulo Mineiro region of Brazil and to correlate the presence of these infections with clinical, epidemiological and laboratory data of the patients. Oocysts were detected in stool samples of 10 (16.9%) of the 59 patients studied, while Cryptosporidium spp. were present in 10.1% (6/59) and C. belli in 6.7% (4/59). The frequency of these parasites was higher among patients with diarrheic syndrome and CD4 + T lymphocyte counts < 200 cells/ mm 3 , demonstrating the opportunistic characteristic of these infections. A significant association was observed between the lack of adherence to antiretroviral therapy and the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and/or C. belli. Parasitism with Cryptosporidium spp. was more frequent in February and April, the months following the period of high rainfall. The same was not observed for C. belli. Genetic characterization of two isolates led to the identification of Cryptosporidium parvum, one of the main species associated with the zoonotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis.

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Unravelling Cryptosporidium and Giardia epidemiology

Cited by 488 publications

References 71 publications

Pathophysiology of enteric infections withGiardia duodenalis

Pathophysiology of enteric infections withGiardia duodenalis

Genotyping of Giardia in Dutch patients and animals: A phylogenetic analysis of human and animal isolates

Prevalence and genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Cystoisospora belli in HIV-infected patients

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