The
application of phosphorus (P)-based nanomaterials (NMs) as
fertilizers is suggested as a promising approach in agriculture. Simultaneously,
for long-term sustainability, green nanosynthesis, including biosynthesis
of NMs, is favored. However, the information of fertilizing effects
of biogenic P-based NMs in different P-restricting soil conditions
is limited. Here, biologically synthesized nanohydroxyapatite (nHAP,
platelet-shaped NMs) and nanophosphorus (nP, spherical NMs) were evaluated
for their plant growth promotion and uptake in Japonica rice (Taipei
309) using a “fertigation” approach in artificial soils
with low-calcareous (LC) and high-calcareous (HC) conditions. Three
chemically synthesized variants of nHAPs (spherical, rod-shaped, and
needle-shaped NMs) and three bulk materials, rock phosphate, phosphoric
acid, and diammonium phosphate, were also used in the study. In LC
and HC soils, the rice germination was significantly increased after
exposure to the P-based NMs in comparison to the untreated control.
The application of nHAPs and nP to rice plants increased the root
and shoot lengths, fresh weight, and biomass of plants in all soil
types and the content of both P and Ca in the plants as confirmed
using X-ray fluorescence. Transmission electron microcopy revealed
that the NMs were taken up by the root system, deposited in the leaves,
and were localized to different compartments within the cells of the
rice plants. In comparison to the bulk P controls, at the same applied
concentrations, nHAPs and nP had better fertilizing effects in rice
plants. On evaluating the effects of NMs on plant metabolic enzymes,
it was found that nHAPs and nP do not cause any stress after their
application. Overall, the results from this study provide the first
evidence of uptake and localization of biogenic P-based NMs in rice
plants and demonstrate their benefits for plant growth in various
soil types.