Unsafe at Any (Wind) Speed?

Schmidlin, Thomas W.; Hammer, Barbara; King, Paul S.; Ono, Yūichi; Miller, L. Scott; Thumann, Gregory

doi:10.1175/bams-83-12-1821

Cited by 22 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In contrast, Fujita (1971) noted that vehicles can be lofted at F2, with 3 s gust wind speeds rated as 190-260 km/h (Table 2). Schmidlin et al (2002) assessed that "semi-trucks and other high profile trucks, trailers, and buses may be tipped over" at F1 wind speeds, i.e., 125-190 km/h. Thus, the current results are consistent with those of Schmidlin et al (2002), for the box truck both with and without a load.…”

Section: Test Methods and Measured Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Schmidlin et al (2002) assessed that "semi-trucks and other high profile trucks, trailers, and buses may be tipped over" at F1 wind speeds, i.e., 125-190 km/h. Thus, the current results are consistent with those of Schmidlin et al (2002), for the box truck both with and without a load. For lofting, the wind speeds would almost certainly be higher than the 150 km/h observed overturning of the empty truck.…”

Section: Test Methods and Measured Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of wind speeds based on damage observations from the Angus (Ontario) Tornado of 17 June 2014

et al. 2017

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A tornado occurred in Angus, Ontario, during the late afternoon hours of 17 June 2014. The authors conducted a damage investigation on the morning following the storm. The damage indicators support the classification of the tornado as an EF-2 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale, including the observation of several complete roof failures of recently-constructed, woodframe houses. Most of the damage to residential homes was contained along two streets, with the tornado appearing to have gone down the backyards between the two. In total, 101 houses were observed to have sustained some level of damage. The evidence suggests that the quality of construction likely affected the performance of failed roofs. A detailed fragility analysis was conducted to assess wind speeds associated with these failures of the roof-to-wall connections. An overturned and lofted box truck provided the opportunity to correlate this failure with adjacent, repetitive failures of roof sheathing, shingles, and garage doors.

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Section: Test Methods and Measured Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Test Methods and Measured Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of wind speeds based on damage observations from the Angus (Ontario) Tornado of 17 June 2014

et al. 2017

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“…NOAA (2007) directs vehicle occupants to ''Get out of automobiles'' when a warning is issued and if you are in a car, ''leave it immediately.'' However, recent research shows that being in a vehicle may be less risky than being in a mobile home or outdoors during a tornado warning (Duclos and Ing 1989;Carter et al 1989;Brown et al 2002;Schmidlin et al 2002;Daley et al 2005). Therefore, driving to a shelter when a warning is issued may be a reasonable choice for mobile home residents whose shelter is more than 200 m away.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tornado shelter-seeking behavior and tornado shelter options among mobile home residents in the United States

et al. 2008

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Residents of 401 mobile homes in Georgia, Mississippi, Illinois, and Oklahoma were surveyed after they heard a tornado warning. Most residents (69%) did not seek shelter during the warning. Half of those who sought shelter went to the frame house of a friend, neighbor, or relative, and 25% of those sought shelter in a basement or underground shelter. Some of the places where residents sought shelter were of dubious quality, such as their own mobile home, another mobile home, or in an out-building. Twenty-one percent of mobile home residents believed that they had a basement or underground shelter available as shelter during a tornado warning, and about half of those said they would drive to the shelter. Residents said they would drive if the shelter was more than 200 m away. Fifteen percent actually had a basement or underground shelter suitable as shelter within 200 m of their mobile home, but only 43% of the residents would use those shelters. The most common reason cited for not using the shelters was that they did not know the people who lived there. Likewise, a frame house or other sturdy building was within 200 m of 58% of the mobile homes, but only 35% of the residents stated they would use those houses for shelter. Thirtyone percent of mobile home residents had a ditch that was at least 0.5 m deep within 200 m of the mobile home. However, 44% of these ditches had utility lines overhead, 23% had water in them, and 20% had trees overhead. The limited tornado shelter options among mobile home residents in the United States needs to be incorporated into safety instructions so that residents without nearby shelter are allowed to drive to safer shelter.

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“…Yes, when warnings include information about the potential consequences of a storm, increasing the projected impact of a warned storm increased the probability that our respondents selected some sort of protective action. Though estimates differ, most researchers agree that the risk of death or injury from a tornado is significantly higher in stationary vehicles than permanent structures, like single-family homes (Hammer and Schmidlin 2000;Schmidlin et al 2002;Wurman et al 2007;Brooks et al 2008). To explain this phenomenon, we showed that the relationship between consequence-based messaging and protective action depends (in part) on the type of action being considered.…”

Section: Discussion and Implications Discussion Of Findingsmentioning

confidence: 90%

The Influence of Consequence-Based Messages on Public Responses to Tornado Warnings

Ripberger

Silva

Jenkins‐Smith

et al. 2015

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

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The Central Region Headquarters of the National Weather Service (NWS) recently launched an experimental product that supplements traditional tornado and severe thunderstorm warning products with information about the potential impact of warned storms. As yet, however, we know relatively little about the influence of consequence-based messages on warning responsiveness. To address this gap, we fielded two surveys of U.S. residents that live in tornado-prone regions of the country. Both surveys contained an experiment wherein participants were randomly assigned a consequence-based tornado warning message and asked to indicate how they would respond if they were to receive such a warning. Respondents that were assigned to higher-impact categories were more likely choose protective action than respondents assigned to lower-impact categories. There was, however, a threshold beyond which escalating the projected consequences of the storm no longer increased the probability of protective action. To account for this, we show that the relationship between consequence-based messages and protective action depends on the type of action being considered. At lower levels of projected impact, increasing the expected consequences of the storm simultaneously increased the probability that respondents selected a “shelter in place” or “leave residence” option. At higher levels of projected impact, this relationship changed—increasing the projected consequences of the storm decreased the probability that respondents would shelter in place and increased the probability that they would leave their residence for what they perceived to be a safer location. In some severe storm situations, this behavior may increase rather than decrease the risks.

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Unsafe at Any (Wind) Speed?

Cited by 22 publications

References 17 publications

Assessment of wind speeds based on damage observations from the Angus (Ontario) Tornado of 17 June 2014

Assessment of wind speeds based on damage observations from the Angus (Ontario) Tornado of 17 June 2014

Tornado shelter-seeking behavior and tornado shelter options among mobile home residents in the United States

The Influence of Consequence-Based Messages on Public Responses to Tornado Warnings

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