In mammals suffering from vitamin A deficiency, the testes show various degrees of atrophy associated with a reduction in spermatogenic activity (Moustgaard, 1969). Coward, Howell, Pitt & Thompson (1966) and Palludan (1966a) demonstrated that this effect of vitamin A deficiency is not related to an endocrine deficiency, and Palludan (1966b) in the boar and Ahluwalia & Bieri (1971) in the rat showed that it is due to a direct effect on the process of spermatogenesis. The same investigators observed that in animals whose rate of growth and health were maintained on retinoic acid (vitamin A acid), testicular lesions still occurred. Injections of retinol (vitamin A alcohol), or retinaldehyde (vitamin A aldehyde) made directly into the testes restored spermatogenesis at the site of injection. Little information is available on the levels of endogenous vitamin A in testis in relation to the development and maintenance of spermatogenesis, and the purpose of this communication is to present such data obtained from studies on boar testis and testicular tissue of the intersex pig.Gonads were obtained within 30 min of slaughter from a number of boars and intersex pigs of different ages (see Tables 1 and 2). Samples were fixed in Bouin's fluid for histology, and the paraffin wax-embedded sections were stained with Delafield's haematoxylin and chromatrope 2R; the remainder of the tissue was frozen over solid CO2 until required for the assay ofvitamin A and steroids. For this purpose, a maximum of 50 g testicular tissue was taken and homogenized for 5 min in water (100 ml). The homogenate was added to 70% aqueous ethanol (200 ml) and the mixture was left overnight at +4\s=deg\C. After centrifugation (22,902 g) for 20 min at +4\s=deg\C, the supernatant was reduced to 20 ml under reduced pressure and then extracted with redistilled diethyl ether (3\m=x\60 ml). The combined ether extracts contained some vitamin A and free steroids and the aqueous phase contained steroid conjugates (an account of the steroid investigations is in preparation). The ether extract was evaporated to dryness, combined with the tissue pellet remaining after centrifugation and subjected to alkaline hydrolysis according to Mervyn & Morton (1959). The reaction mixture was extracted with redistilled diethyl ether (5 250 ml), washed with water to about pH 7, dried over anhydrous Na2S04 and the ether was removed under reduced pressure. The dry material was dissolved in a small quantity of light petroleum (40 to 60 b.p.) and lipids were removed by 'freezing