Unsaturated polyesters and vinyl esters

Kandelbauer, Andreas; Tondi, Gianluca; Zaske, Oscar C.; Goodman, Sidney H.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821632-3.00015-4

Cited by 14 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 197 publications

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“…Figure presents the statistical values for ultimate tensile strength (UTS), modulus of elasticity, and strain at break, respectively. The UPR0, UPR50, and UPR100 formulations presented modulus of elasticity of 3.4, 3.4, and 3.9 GPa, respectively, which matched or exceeded their general-purpose commercial counterparts, which vary on average from 2 to 4 GPa, as well as other conventional formulations well established in the literature. , Formulations with aromatic and furan dicarboxylic acids used herein also allowed to obtain UPRs with a higher modulus of elasticity when compared to those UPRs based on saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, such as succinic, itaconic, and adipic acid, which have been addressed in the literature. , Some other factors can also explain the higher modulus of elasticity, such as (i) high double bond content with 1:3 in mol % S/U dicarboxylic acid ratio in all formulations, providing high crosslinking density, which results in hard and inflexible cured UPRs; (ii) prepolymer synthesized from rigid structure saturated acids (PA and FDCA), which provides chains with lower flexibility when compared with polyesters based on diacids derived from natural oils; and (iii) the fact that one-third of total glycols have been ISO, also responsible for promoting greater rigidity in the backbone compared to aliphatic diols.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 60%

Biobased Thermosetting Polyester Resin for High-Performance Applications

Hofmann

Shahid

Garrido

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Reducing the dependency from petroleum-based monomers and crosslinkers is an increasingly important goal for the plastics industry. This is being enabled by the growing diversity and availability of alternative biobased products derived from renewable resources, some of which are compatible with the production of more sustainable resins for high-performance applications. This paper presents the development of unsaturated polyesters (UPs) and their crosslinked resins (UPRs) based on 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and other biobased building blocks. The original features of these UPs are derived from (i) the use of FDCA as an aromatic monomer replacing phthalic anhydride, (ii) the introduction of a FDCA–isosorbide (ISO) block into the polyester backbone with the presence of unsaturations provided by biobased fumaric acid, (iii) the use of ISO and 1,3-propanediol instead of ethylene glycol and 1,2 propylene glycol, and (iv) the reduction of styrene content using 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. The developed UPRs have a similar thermal and mechanical behavior to the petrochemical ones, presenting glass transition temperatures up to 102 °C, tensile modulus and strength up to 3.9 GPa and 63.3 MPa, respectively, and viscosity between 800 and 1250 cP, making these resins greener alternatives to fully petroleum-derived UPRs for high-performance applications.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 60%

Biobased Thermosetting Polyester Resin for High-Performance Applications

Hofmann

Shahid

Garrido

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…34 They are often formulated to be liquid resin and can thus be infused into other parts to provide greater mechanical strength, such as glass or carbon fibers to yield fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs). 35,36 In addition to employing monomers in synthesis, thermosets sometimes employ an initial prepolymer to crosslink. In the case of rubber materials, an initial linear polymer is crosslinked with a reagent that will react with the double bonds in the polymer backbone.…”

Section: Polyester Supply Chain Energy and Ghg Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manufacturing energy and greenhouse gas emissions associated with plastics consumption

Nicholson

Rorrer

Carpenter

et al. 2021

Joule

238

145

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“…The mechanism of APP (added to PUR 1) degradation has been investigated a consists of the release of water and ammonia and the formation of polyphosphoric ac which is then volatilized and dehydrated at temperatures above 250 °C [18]. APP is a Cellular material PUR 0 burns readily in the presence of oxygen and heat with a very high fire spread rate and a high smoke release rate.…”

Section: Flammabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardant Behaviour and Physical-Mechanical Properties of Polymer Synergistic Systems in Rigid Polyurethane Foams

2022

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In the presented work, the influence of two flame retardants—ammonium polyphosphates and 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine on the polyurethane foam (PUR) systems were studied. In this paper, these interactive properties are studied by using the thermal analytical techniques, TGA and DTA, which enable the various thermal transitions and associated volatilization to be studied and enable the connection of the results with thermal and mechanical analysis, as are thermal conductivities, compression and bending behavior, hardness, flammability, and surface morphology. In this way, a greater understanding of what the addition of fire retardants to polyurethane foams means for system flammability itself and, on the other hand, how this addition affects the mechanical properties of PUR may be investigated. It was obtained that retardants significantly increase the fire resistance of the PURs systems while they do not affect the thermal conductivity and only slightly decrease the mechanical properties of the systems. Therefore, the presented systems seem to be applicable as thermal insulation where low heat conductivity coupled with high flame resistance is required.

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Unsaturated polyesters and vinyl esters

Cited by 14 publications

References 197 publications

Biobased Thermosetting Polyester Resin for High-Performance Applications

Biobased Thermosetting Polyester Resin for High-Performance Applications

Manufacturing energy and greenhouse gas emissions associated with plastics consumption

Flame Retardant Behaviour and Physical-Mechanical Properties of Polymer Synergistic Systems in Rigid Polyurethane Foams

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