Unsuitability of Quantitative
            <i>Bacteroidales</i>
            16S rRNA Gene Assays for Discerning Fecal Contamination of Drinking Water

Wielen, P.W.J.J. van der; Medema, Gertjan

doi:10.1128/aem.03090-09

Cited by 31 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Previous studies regarding the behavior of Bacteroidales genetic markers against culturable FIB have focused largely on relatively heavily polluted waters (Bernhard & Field 2000;Ahmed et al 2009;Fremaux et al 2009;Gourmelon et al 2010) and there are a few studies about drinking water sources (Saunders et al 2009;Agudelo et al 2010;van der Wielen & Medema 2010). In our knowledge, this is the first study which compares a selection of fecal indicators with universal Bacteroidales genetic marker to identify fecal pollution of a variety of drinking water sources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Applicability of universal Bacteroidales genetic marker for microbial monitoring of drinking water sources in comparison to conventional indicators

Shahryari

Nikaeen

Khiadani

et al. 2014

Environ Monit Assess

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Water quality monitoring is essential for the provision of safe drinking water. In this study, we compared a selection of fecal indicators with universal Bacteroidales genetic marker to identify fecal pollution of a variety of drinking water sources. A total of 60 samples were collected from water sources. The microbiological parameters included total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and fecal streptococci as the fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), Clostridium perfringens and H2S bacteria as alternative indicators, universal Bacteroidales genetic marker as a promising alternative fecal indicator, and Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and E. coli O157 as pathogenic bacteria. From 60 samples analyzed, Bacteroidales was the most frequently detected indicator followed by total coliforms. However, the Bacteroidales assay failed to detect the marker in nine samples positive for FIB and other alternative indicators. The results of our study showed that the absence of Bacteroidales is not necessarily an evidence of fecal and pathogenic bacteria absence and may be unable to ensure the safety of the water. Further research, however, is required for a better understanding of the use of a Bacteroidales genetic marker as an indicator in water quality monitoring programs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Applicability of universal Bacteroidales genetic marker for microbial monitoring of drinking water sources in comparison to conventional indicators

Shahryari

Nikaeen

Khiadani

et al. 2014

Environ Monit Assess

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“…AllBac was quantified in more samples than either of the traditional fecal indicators and appeared, therefore, as a potential tool to confirm the presence of microbes of fecal origin in cases of low contamination. However, a major limitation to the use of AllBac as a fecal indicator is that Bacteroidales found in the environment may not always be of enteric origin (37).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relevance of Bacteroidales and F-Specific RNA Bacteriophages for Efficient Fecal Contamination Tracking at the Level of a Catchment in France

Mauffret

Caprais

Gourmelon

2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The relevance of three host-associated Bacteroidales markers (HF183, Rum2Bac, and Pig2Bac) and four F-specific RNA bacteriophage genogroups (FRNAPH I to IV) as microbial source tracking markers was assessed at the level of a catchment (Daoulas, France). They were monitored together with fecal indicators (Escherichia coli and enterococci) and chemophysical parameters (rainfall, temperature, salinity, pH, and turbidity) by monthly sampling over 2 years (n ‫؍‬ 240 water samples) and one specific sampling following an accidental pig manure spillage (n ‫؍‬ 5 samples). During the 2-year regular monitoring, levels of E. coli, enterococci, total F-specific RNA bacteriophages, and the general Bacteroidales marker AllBac were strongly correlated with one another and with Rum2Bac (r ‫؍‬ 0.37 to 0.50, P < 0.0001). Their correlations with HF183 and FRNAPH I and II were lower (r ‫؍‬ 0.21 to 0.29, P < 0.001 to P < 0.0001), and HF183 and enterococci were associated rather than correlated (Fisher's exact test, P < 0.01). Rum2Bac and HF183 enabled 73% of water samples that had >2.7 log 10 most probably number (MPN) of E. coli/100 ml to be classified. FRNAPH I and II enabled 33% of samples at this contamination level to be classified. FRNAPH I and II complemented the water sample classification obtained with the two Bacteroidales markers by an additional 8%. Pig2Bac and FRNAPH III and IV were observed in a small number of samples (n ‫؍‬ 0 to 4 of 245). The present study validates Rum2Bac and HF183 as relevant tools to trace fecal contamination originating from ruminant or human waste, respectively, at the level of a whole catchment.H uman, livestock, pet, or wildlife fecal wastes alter river and coastal water quality due to the organic matter, odors, and enteric pathogens they bring, which cause environmental and human health issues (e.g., reference 27). Two fecal indicators, Escherichia coli and enterococci, are in standard use to assess the level of fecal microorganisms in water and the associated risk. From 2011, the revised European Bathing Water Directive (7) additionally requires bathing water profiles to be established and the identification of any pollution sources, to ensure efficient water quality management. Over the last decade, a panel of host-associated markers, known as microbial source tracking (MST) markers, has been derived from enteric bacteria or viruses or from chemical products (3,10,35). Criteria required for an MST marker to be useful and reliable, and thus relevant for inclusion in an operational toolbox, include (i) high sensitivity and specificity to the targeted species, independent of geographic region, and (ii) the potential to offer a credible evidence-based description of the fecal loading in environmental waters that do not comply with quality standards (13). Accordingly, for stakeholders who need an easyto-use toolbox, an MST marker should have a dynamic, including persistence, similar to that of the standard criteria for fecal loadings (E. coli or enterococci) in environmental waters. In addition...

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“…The filter and a DNA fragment of an internal control were added to phosphate-MT buffer in a lysing matrix E tube of the FastDNA spin kit for soil (Qbiogene, Inc., Carlsbad, CA) and stored at Ϫ20°C. The internal control was used to determine the recovery efficiency of DNA isolation and PCR analysis (20). DNA was isolated according to the supplier's protocol.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Fungi, and Opportunistic Pathogens in Unchlorinated Drinking Water in the Netherlands

Wielen

Kooij

2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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120

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aThe multiplication of opportunistic pathogens in drinking water supplies might pose a threat to public health. In this study, distributed unchlorinated drinking water from eight treatment plants in the Netherlands was sampled and analyzed for fungi, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), and several opportunistic pathogens by using selective quantitative PCR methods. Fungi and NTM were detected in all drinking water samples, whereas Legionella pneumophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Aspergillus fumigatus were sporadically observed. Mycobacterium avium complex and Acanthamoeba spp. were not detected. Season had no influence on the occurrence of these organisms, except for NTM and S. maltophilia, which were present in higher numbers in the summer. Opportunistic pathogens were more often observed in premise plumbing water samples than in samples from the distribution system. The lowest number of these organisms was observed in the finished water at the plant. Thus, fungi, NTM, and some of the studied opportunistic pathogens can multiply in the distribution and premise plumbing systems. Assimilable organic carbon (AOC) and/or total organic carbon (TOC) had no clear effects on fungal and NTM numbers or on P. aeruginosa-and S. maltophilia-positive samples. However, L. pneumophila was detected more often in water with AOC concentrations above 10 g C liter ؊1 than in water with AOC levels below 5 g C liter ؊1 . Finally, samples that contained L. pneumophila, P. aeruginosa, or S. maltophilia were more frequently positive for a second opportunistic pathogen, which shows that certain drinking water types and/or sampling locations promote the growth of multiple opportunistic pathogens.

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Unsuitability of Quantitative Bacteroidales 16S rRNA Gene Assays for Discerning Fecal Contamination of Drinking Water

Cited by 31 publications

References 41 publications

Applicability of universal Bacteroidales genetic marker for microbial monitoring of drinking water sources in comparison to conventional indicators

Applicability of universal Bacteroidales genetic marker for microbial monitoring of drinking water sources in comparison to conventional indicators

Relevance of Bacteroidales and F-Specific RNA Bacteriophages for Efficient Fecal Contamination Tracking at the Level of a Catchment in France

Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Fungi, and Opportunistic Pathogens in Unchlorinated Drinking Water in the Netherlands

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