“…This test initially assesses the difference feature extraction performance of the newly introduced WeibDO in comparison to several existing operators, including SO [3] , LRO [4] , MRO [5] , NRO [6] , and EPRO [7] . Subsequently, a comprehensive evaluation is conducted to compare the overall performance of the proposed algorithm with other prominent change detection algorithms, including PCAK [8] , CDIK [9] , NR_ELM [10] , CWNN [11] , ASEA [12] , Zhu [13] , NPSG [14] , INLPG [15] and Shi [7] . we calculate evaluation metrics such as overall error (OE), percentage of correct classification (PCC), Kappa coefficient (KC), and F1 score (F1), respectively.…”