“…In recent years, we have witnessed the rapid advancement of deep learning and its successful applications (Sarivougioukas & Vagelatos, 2022;Lv et al, 2022;Zhou et al, 2022b;Jiao et al, 2023). NLP is a pivotal domain within deep learning and encompasses various developmental trajectories and applications (Ismail et al, 2022;Vats et al, 2023), such as text classification (Singh & Sachan, 2021;Miri et al, 2022), text-to-image synthesis (Chopra et al, 2022), and unsupervised information extraction (Sarkissian & Tekli, 2021;Hajjar & Tekli, 2022). Among these domains, knowledge graphs are an indispensable component and have extensive applications in various fields (Zhao et al, 2022;Zhou et al, 2022a;Li et al, 2023), such as health care and cybersecurity (Gou et al, 2017;Sahoo & Gupta, 2019).…”