Unsuspected intraspecific variability in the toxin production, growth and morphology of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum R.W. Litaker (Group IV) blooming in a South Western Mediterranean marine ecosystem, Annaba Bay (Algeria)

Abstract

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Metal stresses modify soluble proteomes and toxin profiles in two Mediterranean strains of the distributed dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum

“…They cause (i) human neural system syndromes (Quod and Turquet, 1996), (ii) mass mortalities of fish, shellfish, marine mammals and birds (Hallegraeff, 1993), and (iii) high economic losses for aquaculture or shellfish farming (Hoagland et al, 2002;Park et al, 2013). Toxin profiles and concentrations in Alexandrium STX producers may differ at interspecific (Caruana et al, 2020) and intraspecific levels (Hadjadji et al, 2020). The biological roles of STXs are not fully understood, although increased STX production in Alexandrium minutum cells cultivated in presence of the copepod Acartia tonsa suggests that STXs may protect this species against grazers (Selander et al, 2006).…”

“…Litaker [ex A. catenella (Whedon and Kofoid), Balech], once considered as a rare species in the Mediterranean Sea (Margalef and Estrada, 1987), is now widely distributed. It forms blooms in the metal-contaminated Annaba Bay (Algeria), along the Tyrrhenian coasts of Italy, the Balearic and Catalonian coasts of Spain, Thau Lagoon (France) and Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia) (Bravo et al, 2008;Fertouna-Bellakhal et al, 2015;Hadjadji et al, 2020;Laabir et al, 2013;Penna et al, 2005), which suggests that it can adapt and/or is tolerant to metal contamination. Alexandrium spp.…”

“Monozygotic twins discordant for severe clinical recurrence of COVID-19 show drastically distinct T cell responses to SARS-Cov-2”

“…viruses due to viral-encoded proteins that dampen such responses (4). An immune response characterized by a weak, delayed production of Type I/III interferons contributes to severe forms of the disease (17). The finding that all four tested patients including the COVID-19 recurrence case presented an early, strong type I/III IFN response indicates that recurrence was not associated with failure in the innate IFN response.…”

A New Perspective: Revealing the Algicidal Properties of Bacillus subtilis to Alexandrium pacificum from Bacterial Communities and Toxins

“…PSTs are known to selectively block sodium channels, resulting in their inability to form action potentials and inhibit nerve conduction [ 9 , 10 ]. Humans can quickly experience numbness, dizziness, nausea, and diarrhea after eating contaminated seafood [ 11 ]. Numerous fatal cases of PSTs have been reported globally [ 12 ].…”