Untapped Potential of Marine-Associated Cladosporium Species: An Overview on Secondary Metabolites, Biotechnological Relevance, and Biological Activities

Abstract

The marine environment is an underexplored treasure that hosts huge biodiversity of microorganisms. Marine-derived fungi are a rich source of novel metabolites with unique structural features, bioactivities, and biotechnological applications. Marine-associated Cladosporium species have attracted considerable interest because of their ability to produce a wide array of metabolites, including alkaloids, macrolides, diketopiperazines, pyrones, tetralones, sterols, phenolics, terpenes, lactones, and tetramic acid derivatives that possess versatile bioactivities. Moreover, they produce diverse enzymes with biotechnological and industrial relevance. This review gives an overview on the Cladosporium species derived from marine habitats, including their metabolites and bioactivities, as well as the industrial and biotechnological potential of these species. In the current review, 286 compounds have been listed based on the reported data from 1998 until July 2021. Moreover, more than 175 references have been cited.

Stachybotrys chartarum—A Hidden Treasure: Secondary Metabolites, Bioactivities, and Biotechnological Relevance

“…The microorganism’s utilization in the NPs’ synthesis emerges as an exciting and eco-friendly approach. Different kinds of NPs have been synthesized using various fungal species [ 2 , 3 , 5 , 39 ]. Fungi are advantageous over bacteria in NPs’ preparation because of easy handling, simple nutrient requirement, great wall-binding potential, and metal intracellular uptake capacities [ 137 ].…”

“…Fungi are found predominantly in all environments and have substantial roles in preserving eco-balance, diversity, and sustainability [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. They have demonstrated a wide array of industrial and biotechnological potentials [ 1 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Additionally, they are an important source of metabolites with unique chemical skeletons that have the potential for discovering drugs of clinical relevance [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ].…”

Chaetomugilins and Chaetoviridins—Promising Natural Metabolites: Structures, Separation, Characterization, Biosynthesis, Bioactivities, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics

“…Fungi are a wealthy and substantial pool of many secondary metabolites with many different structures and diversified bioactivities [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. These metabolites attract much attention as lead metabolites for pharmaceutical agents, and for plant protection [1, [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16].…”

Fungal Naphthalenones; Promising Metabolites for Drug Discovery: Structures, Biosynthesis, Sources, and Pharmacological Potential

“…Fungi are the second-biggest group of organisms after insects [1]. Many fungal species have a wide range of biotechnological and industrial potential [2][3][4][5][6][7]. They are acknowledged as one of the wealthiest pools of natural metabolites among living organisms due to their unique metabolic system and their capacities to synthesize diverse kinds of metabolites with quite intriguing chemical skeletons [8,9].…”