Untargeted metabolite profiling on the water-soluble metabolites of edible bird's nest through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Tong, Shi-Ruo; Lee, Ting Hun; Cheong, Soon-Keng; Lim, Yang Mooi

doi:10.14202/vetworld.2020.304-316

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The supernatant of the extract was filtered through a 0.2 μm PTFE membrane for non-targeted metabolite profiling. The profiling analysis was performed with Agilent 6560 Ion Mobility Quadrupole Time-of-Flight (IM-QTOF) coupled with the Agilent 1290 UHPLC (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) ( 24 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The metabolites of the pulverised EBN were extracted with non-disclosure eHMG method prepared by the School of Chemical and Energy Engineering at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) (7,24). The general extraction method was the EBN suspended in distilled deionized water at a ratio of 1:5 (w/v) and eluted for 24 h at 4 • C. The mixture was boiled for an hour followed by centrifugation at 2,268 g…”

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geographical Factor Influences the Metabolite Distribution of House Edible Bird's Nests in Malaysia

Tong

Lee²,

Cheong³

et al. 2021

Front. Nutr.

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Background: Edible Bird's Nest (EBN) is famously consumed as a food tonic for its high nutritional values with numerous recuperative and therapeutic properties. EBN is majority exploited from swiftlet houses but the differences in terms of metabolite distribution between the production site of house EBN is not yet fully understood. Therefore, this study was designed to identify the metabolite distribution and to determine the relationship pattern for the metabolite distribution of house EBNs from different locations in Malaysia.Methods: The differences of metabolite distribution in house EBN were studied by collecting the samples from 13 states in Malaysia. An extraction method of eHMG was acquired to extract the metabolites of EBN and was subjected to non-targeted metabolite profiling via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Unsupervised multivariate analysis and Venn diagram were used to explore the relationship pattern among the house EBNs in Malaysia. The geographical distribution surrounded the swiftlet house was investigated to understand its influences on the metabolite distribution.Results: The hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) combined with correlation coefficient revealed the differences between the house EBNs in Malaysia with four main clusters formation. The metabolites distribution among these clusters was unique with their varied combination of geographical distribution. Cluster 1 grouped EBNs from Selangor, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Terengganu which geographically distributed with major oil palm field in township; Cluster 2 included Perak and Sarawak with high distribution of oil palm in higher altitude; Cluster 3 included Perlis, Kelantan, Kedah, Penang from lowland of paddy field in village mostly and Cluster 4 grouped Sabah, Pahang, Johor which are majorly distributed with undeveloped hills. The metabolites which drove each cluster formation have happened in a group instead of individual key metabolite. The major metabolites that characterised Cluster 1 were fatty acids, while the rest of the clusters were peptides and secondary metabolites.Conclusion: The metabolite profiling conducted in this study was able to discriminate the Malaysian house EBNs based on metabolites distribution. The factor that most inferences the differences of house EBNs were the geographical distribution, in which geographical distribution affects the distribution of insect and the diet of swiftlet.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographical Factor Influences the Metabolite Distribution of House Edible Bird's Nests in Malaysia

Tong

Lee²,

Cheong³

et al. 2021

Front. Nutr.

Self Cite

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“…Slight changes for processing steps were made as reported in different groups for the consideration of targeted nutrients, convenience, cost-effectiveness, and instruments availability. These processing steps are critical for preservation of nutritional values of EBN (Yew et al, 2014;Gan et al, 2017b;Hong et al, 2020;Tong et al, 2020). Firstly, the collected EBN is soaked in ultrapure water until softened to loosen the protein strands and cleaned by washing in water or ultrapure water, followed by manual removal of dirt, feathers, and egg shells using forceps (Yew et al, 2014).…”

Section: Laboratory and Traditional Industrial Edible Bird's Nest Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Grounded EBN is soaked in cold distilled water 2.5% (w/v) or deionized water at 0.2% (w/v) at 4˚C, and usually left for overnight but some studies have also left it for 16-48 h (Guo et al, 2006;Yew et al, 2014;Tong et al, 2020). After that, heating of EBN solution is carried out in the range of 40˚C to 121˚C for 15 min to 4 h (Amiza et al, 2019a;Tong et al, 2020).…”

Section: Laboratory and Traditional Industrial Edible Bird's Nest Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Edible Bird’s Nest: Recent Updates and Industry Insights Based On Laboratory Findings

Chok

et al. 2021

Front. Pharmacol.

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Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is a traditional Chinese delicacy made of the saliva of swiftlets found in Southeast Asia. With increasing demands for EBN, quality control of EBN products is important for safe consumption. The processing steps are particularly important for efficient extraction of bioactive compounds. Geographical location, collection place, and harvesting season contribute to differences in nutritional contents in EBN. Concerns regarding presence of adulterant, chemical, and microbial contaminants in EBN as well as authentication and chemical composition measuring methods are discussed in this review. Recent discoveries of beneficial health functions of EBN in antimicrobial and antiviral actions, immunomodulation, cancer prevention and treatment, tissue regeneration, cardiometabolic maintenance, antioxidant action and neuroprotection are also reviewed. Our review provides an update on the recent research on EBN.

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“…Since then, the medicinal value of EBN has been well documented, and it was later recognized as one of the four major supplements in the late Ming (1405-1433 AD) and early Qing (AD 1644-1911 Dynasties (Chye et al, 2017). EBN is believed to have nourishing effects, such as strengthening the immune system, treating malnutrition, improving metabolism, enhancing skin complexion, relieving asthma, helping to clear sputum, reducing coughs, nourishing children, improving libido, enhancing kidney function, recovery from diseases and surgery rehabilitation, and improving concentration (Tong et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Residual Contaminants in Edible Bird's Nest

et al. 2021

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Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is recognized as a nourishing food among Chinese people. The efficacy of EBN was stated in the records of traditional Chinese medicine and its activities have been reported in many researches. Malaysia is the second largest exporter of EBNs in the world, after Indonesia. For many years, EBN trade to China was not regulated until August 2011, when a safety alert was triggered for the consumption of EBNs. China banned the import of EBNs from Malaysia and Indonesia due to high level of nitrite. Since then, the Malaysia government has formulated Malaysia Standards for swiftlet farming (MS 2273:2012), edible bird’s nest processing plant design and management (MS 2333:2010), and edible bird’s nest product quality (MS 2334:2011) to enable the industry to meet the specified standards for the export to China. On the other hand, Indonesia's EBN industry formulated a standard operating procedure (SOP) for exportation to China. Both countries can export EBNs to China by complying with the standards and SOPs. EBN contaminants may include but not limited to nitrite, heavy metals, excessive minerals, fungi, bacteria, and mites. The possible source of contaminants may come from the swiftlet farms and the swiftlets or introduced during processing, storage, and transportation of EBNs, or adulterants. Swiftlet house design and management, and EBN processing affect the bird’s nest color. Degradation of its optical quality has an impact on the selling price, and color changes are tied together with nitrite level. In this review, the current and future prospects of EBNs in Malaysia and Indonesia in terms of their quality, and the research on the contaminants and their effects on EBN color changes are discussed.

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Untargeted metabolite profiling on the water-soluble metabolites of edible bird's nest through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Cited by 13 publications

References 36 publications

Geographical Factor Influences the Metabolite Distribution of House Edible Bird's Nests in Malaysia

Geographical Factor Influences the Metabolite Distribution of House Edible Bird's Nests in Malaysia

Edible Bird’s Nest: Recent Updates and Industry Insights Based On Laboratory Findings

Potential Residual Contaminants in Edible Bird's Nest

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