Untargeted Metabolomics Used to Describe the Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Effects of Extracts from Pleurotus spp. Mycelium Grown in Different Culture Media

Abstract

Pleurotus species isolated in vitro were studied to determine the effect of different media on their production of secondary metabolites, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity. The different metabolites among Pleurotus samples covered a total of 58 pathways. Comparisons were made between the metabolic profiles of Pleurotus spp. mycelia grown in two substrates: Potato-dextrose-agar-PDA, used as control (S1), and PDA enriched with 0.5 % of wheat straw (S2). The main finding was that the metabolic pathways are strongly influenced by the chemical composition of the growth substrate. The antibacterial effects were particularly evident against Escherichia coli, whereas Arthroderma curreyi (CCF 5207) and Trichophyton rubrum (CCF 4933) were the dermatophytes more sensitive to the mushroom extracts. The present study supports more in-depth investigations, aimed at evaluating the influence of growth substrate on Pleurotus spp. antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.

Fomitopsis officinalis: Spatial (Pileus and Hymenophore) Metabolomic Variations Affect Functional Components and Biological Activities

“…TPC values ranged from 38.5 to 423.7 mg GAE/100 g and were all lower than those reported in this paper. Concerning antioxidant properties, Ianni et al [ 22 ] reported a wide range for FRAP (6.0–70.0 mg TE/100 g value) and DPPH (8.7 to 172.0 mg TE/100 g) values, which are all lower than those obtained for F. officinalis, while ABTS values (110.7–1112.7 mg TE/100 g) were similar or lower, a comparison of the antioxidant assay results with those in the literature was sometimes not possible because the data of these assays were reported as EC 50 or radical scavenging activity (%) [ 11 , 19 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. A correlation study was also conducted considering all the extracts and all spectrophotometric parameters ( Table 5 ).…”

“…Ciprofloxacin (Sigma, Germany) was used in the range of 0.12–125 −1 µg/mL as a control antibacterial agent [ 11 ].…”

“…F. officinalis extracts had an MIC range of 1.56–200 µg/mL −1 , fluconazole (Novartis, Basel, Switzerland) had an MIC range of 0.03–16 µg/mL −1 , and griseofulvin (Sigma) had an MIC range of 0.03–8 µg/mL −1 [ 11 ].…”

“…Metabolomics provides a quantitative and/or qualitative estimation of all low metabolites (small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 1800 Da) present in biological systems, for instance, fungi, plants, animals, and prokaryotes [ 10 , 11 ]. In recent years, metabolomics has emerged as an important methodology to determine the temporal and spatial correlations between metabolic cues and associated phenotypes in mushroom species [ 12 ].…”

“…Additionally, chromatographic analysis was conducted in order to unravel the composition of specialized metabolites in the mushroom extracts prepared with a hydroalcoholic solution. Considering the potential antifungal and antibacterial effects of extracts from edible mushrooms [ 11 , 19 ], the above-mentioned extracts were tested for potential growth-inhibitory effects against the pathogen strains of Gram+ and Gram- bacteria, and yeast, dermatophytic, and fungal-pool species.…”