Untersuchungen zur Kälteresistenz der Schilfradspinne Araneus cornutus (Araneidae)

Kirchner, Walter; Kestler, P.

doi:10.1016/0022-1910(69)90211-x

Cited by 24 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…There are few data on intraspecific differences in susceptibility to low temperatures in spiders (but see Almquist, 1970). No difference in survival between males and females was observed in a laboratory experiment at -18 "C with Araneus cornutus Clerck (Kirchner & Kestler, 1969). But this species is probably not winter-active.…”

Section: Cold Resistance and Dtferrntiul Nzortulitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To survive during winter, spiders in a seasonal environment produce antifreeze agents, e.g. glycerol and proteins (Kirchner & Kestler, 1969;Duman, 1979). These solutes in the body fluid inhibit the formation of ice by depressing the supercooling points.…”

Section: Cold Resistance and Dtferrntiul Nzortulitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These solutes in the body fluid inhibit the formation of ice by depressing the supercooling points. When cold-adapted spiders in different experiments were exposed to warm temperatures, the concentrations of the antifreeze agents were reduced and the specimens lost their resistance (Kirchner & Kestler, 1969;Duman, 1979). In summer, the spiders had a very low tolerance to cold (Duman, 1979), and spiders overwintering in sheltered places seem to have low cold resistance both in winter and in summer (Kirchner, 1973).…”

Section: Cold Resistance and Dtferrntiul Nzortulitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex ratio in the spider Pityohyphantes phrygianus affected by winter severity

Gunnarsson

1987

Journal of Zoology

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The sex ratio of subadult Pityohyphantes phrygianus was recorded before and after five winters in a natural population in coniferous forest in south‐west Sweden. In autumn, the proportion of males was on average 33–8% (range 28–7–40–1) and the proportion of females was 66–2% (59–9–71–3). In each of the winters 1981 82, 1982–83, 1984–5, the proportion of males decreased significantly. The proportion of males decreased more the lower the February mean temperature. Field experiments showed that low ambient temperature in winter caused high mortality among spiders. Experimental data also suggest that males are more vulnerable to low winter temperatures than are females. Indirect evidence indicates that neither predation pressure nor starvation alone are likely to cause the observed changes in sex ratio in the three winters. However, the combined effect of sex differences in predation by birds and cold‐induced mortality may explain why males disappear faster than females in certain winters.

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Section: Cold Resistance and Dtferrntiul Nzortulitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cold Resistance and Dtferrntiul Nzortulitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cold Resistance and Dtferrntiul Nzortulitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex ratio in the spider Pityohyphantes phrygianus affected by winter severity

Gunnarsson

1987

Journal of Zoology

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“…When spiders or eggs are slowly cooled down, a freezing curve results, which is typical for many arthropods (KIRCHNER and KESTLER 1969). The internal temperature drops below the freezing point of the hemolymph or egg fluid; the spiders (or eggs) supercool.…”

Section: Cold-hardinessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lowering of the supercooling points is accompanied by a decrease of the freezing points. The fall of the freezing points may be caused at least partly by rising concentrations of glycerol and penta-alcohols (demonstrated for spiders by KIRCHNER and KESTLER 1969). The glycerol hypothesis of SALT (1961) assumes that hardening is the consequence of an increased formation of glycerol, because 1. the supercooling points are lowered by the value by which the freezing points decrease and 2. the viscosity of the hemolymph rises by the presence of glycerol.…”

Section: Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Winter ecology of spiders (Araneida)

Schaefer

1977

Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie

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The life cycle of spiders in temperate latitudes (N. Germany) and the adaptations of the species to low winter temperatures were studied. 5 types of life cycle can be distinguished: I. Eurychronous species hibernating in different stages (23% of 277 spiders); II. Stenochronous species reproducing in spring and summer and hibernating as immatures (45 %); III. Stenochronous species reproducing in autumn and hibernating in the egg stage (7 %); IV. Diplochronous species overwintering mainly as adults and reproducing in spring (3 %); V. Winter‐active species (9 %). The developmental cycles are controlled by temperature or photoperiod and can be partly defined by certain mechanisms of dormancy, e. g. retardation of postembryogenesis evocated by short days in spiders of type II (postembryonic diapause), arrest of embryogenesis by high temperatures in type III (egg diapause), and inhibition of the maturation of ovaries induced by short days in type IV (reproductive diapause). Spiders or spider eggs could be supercooled, but were not freezing‐tolerant. They may be adapted to low winter temperatures by their spatial or seasonal distribution, metabolism, or resistance. 84 % of the spiders overwintered in leaf litter or in vegetation near the ground; 7 % remained without shelter in higher vegetation layers. Diapause was characterized by a reduction of oxygen consumption. The supercooling points of some hibernating stages were lowered in response to falling ambient temperatures. Only few spiders were endangered by a high rate of winter mortality. Different strategies of hibernation are realized by safe and endangered species. The advantage of low winter mortality in the former populations can be compensated by high mortality during postembryonic development. Zusammenfassung Zur Winterökologie von Spinnen (Araneida) Es wird eine Übersicht über den Jahreszyklus der Spinnen in den gemäßigten Breiten (Umgebung von Kiel, Schleswig‐Holstein) und die Anpassungen der Arten an die niedrigen Wintertemperaturen gegeben. Nach dem überwinternden Stadium lassen sich 5 Typen des Jahreszyklus unterscheiden: I. Eurychrone Arten, die in verschiedenen Stadien überwintern (23% von 277 Arten); II. Stenochrone Arten mit Fortpflanzungsperiode im Frühjahr und Sommer, die als Jungspinnen überwintern (45 %); III. Stenochrone Arten mit Fortpflanzungsperiode im Herbst, die als Ei überwintern (7%); IV. Diplochrone Arten, die meist als Adulte überwintern und sich im Frühjahr fortpflanzen (3 %); V. Winteraktive (9 %). Diese Entwicklungszyklen werden in unterschiedlicher Weise durch Temperatur oder Photoperiode kontrolliert und können zum Teil mit bestimmten Dormanzmechanismen definiert werden. Besondere Bedeutung hatten eine durch Kurztag bedingte Verlangsamung der Postembryogenese bei Spinnen des Typs II (postembryonale Diapause), Stopp der Embryogenese bei hohen Temperaturen bei Typ III (Eidiapause) und eine durch Kurztag induzierte Hemmung der Ovarienreifung bei Typ IV (reproduktive Diapause). Die Arten oder Entwicklungsstadien hatten eine unte...

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Antifreeze Proteins in Other Species

Duman

Newton

2020

Antifreeze Proteins Volume 1

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Untersuchungen zur Kälteresistenz der Schilfradspinne Araneus cornutus (Araneidae)

Cited by 24 publications

References 13 publications

Sex ratio in the spider Pityohyphantes phrygianus affected by winter severity

Sex ratio in the spider Pityohyphantes phrygianus affected by winter severity

Winter ecology of spiders (Araneida)

Antifreeze Proteins in Other Species

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