Untouchability in India with a Difference: Ad Dharm, Dalit Assertion, and Caste Conflicts in Punjab

Ram, Ronki

doi:10.1525/as.2004.44.6.895

Cited by 21 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…As though to drive home the message, the form further enquires if the child is from a cultivator or non-cultivator family. 31 Ram (2004) demonstrates this with respect to the Scheduled Castes, Ad Dharmis and Dalits of Indian Punjab.…”

Section: Re-engaging With Castementioning

confidence: 84%

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Class, caste and housing in rural Pakistani Punjab: The untold story of the Five Marla Scheme

Gazdar¹,

Mallah²

2012

Contributions to Indian Sociology

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This article examines the contemporary significance of caste as a dimension of social stratification in Pakistani Punjab, using rural housing as a vantage point. Work on the interplay of class and kinship group, mediated by status hierarchy between agricultural and non-agricultural castes, serves as a point of departure. The organisation of the system of private property in rural land, based on the colonial village record and land alienation laws, is actively used to maintain class power and status hierarchy between kinship groups. Post-independence reforms sustained caste disadvantage, which is particularly conspicuous with regard to housing. The Five Marla Scheme was an exceptional intervention, rooted in populist electoral politics of the 1970s, which provided residential land to rural workers belonging to non-agricultural castes. This significant but dormant and largely undocumented intervention is examined through the case study of a large village in Okara district. We argue for a re-engagement with caste as a valid category for the understanding of class and citizenship in Pakistani Punjab.

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Section: Re-engaging With Castementioning

confidence: 84%

“…The hierarchy between agricultural and non-agricultural tribes is also retained through the currency of the Punjab Land Alienation Act. 12 India, which inherited the same law in its part of partitioned Punjab, repealed it in 1951 through a constitutional order (Ram 2004).…”

Section: Colonial Land Administration and Castementioning

confidence: 99%

Class, caste and housing in rural Pakistani Punjab: The untold story of the Five Marla Scheme

Gazdar¹,

Mallah²

2012

Contributions to Indian Sociology

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“…Both Jat and Dalit Sikhs claimed control of the shrine and the conflict spread from the village of Talhan to the entire Doaba region. The recent tensions between Dalits and Jats have been discussed by Jodhka (2004) and also by Ram (2004). 8 Segments of the Sikh population have always been involved with non-conformist Sikh sects.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…24 Dalits form approximately 28% of the population of Punjab which is the highest of any Indian state and are the majority in many Punjabi villages (Jodhka 2002(Jodhka , 1814. Dalits (particularly in the Doaba region) have experienced considerable economic mobility as a result of remittances from abroad Jodhka (2003Jodhka ( , 2004Jodhka ( , 2007 discusses how the recent economic mobility of the Dalits has intensified the conflict between Dalits and Jats; this is also a subject of discussion in Ram (2004). 25 Dalit challenges to the caste hierarchy in Punjab can be traced to numerous sources.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many of the sects and movements to mobilize Dalits have their origins in the Doaba region. Ram (2004) and Jodhka (2009) both discuss the Ravidasia movement in Punjab and pay special attention to the Doaba region. 26 Khatris and Aroras had resided in large numbers in Northwest Frontier Province and in the western regions of Punjab in Pakistan until 1947.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Caste and Marriage Among the Sikhs of Southern California: Observations From a Statistical Analysis

Singh

2014

Sikh Formations

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This study examined the attitudes of Sikhs in southern California toward inter-caste marriages. It looked at numerous variables such as caste background, gender, income, education, and time spent in the USA and examined them quantitatively. Qualitative observations also buttressed discussion of the quantitative variables. The findings of this study show attainment of greater levels of education causes individuals to adopt a more liberal attitude toward inter-caste marriage. The ranking of a person in the caste hierarchy also played a significant role in shaping attitudes toward inter-caste marriage: individuals from highest and lowest positions in the caste hierarchy (Jats and Dalits, respectively) were tended to be less open to inter-caste marriages whereas those belonging to castes in the middle of the hierarchy had more liberal attitudes. Gender, income, and time spent in the USA had limited impact vis-à-vis the two variables mentioned previously in shaping one's attitude toward inter-caste marriage.The caste system in South Asia has shown remarkable durability for a period of approximately three millennia and may be regarded as among one of the most elaborate systems of hierarchy in today's world. 1 While the relationship between the caste system and mainstream Hinduism is well known, attention has also been given to the practice of caste by non-Hindus in South Asia. 2 The discussion of caste has acquired greater significance due to growing Dalit-consciousness in India during recent decades. 3 A discussion of caste also has particular relevance for obtaining a better understanding of the Sikhs today: First, the practice of caste continues among Sikhs both in India and elsewhere. Second, Punjab has a large Dalit population and a significant portion of Sikhs are Dalits. Finally, recent developments in Punjab and elsewhere have brought inter-caste conflict among Sikhs into the limelight.Our discussion will focus on the Sikhs of southern California: we will examine how caste identities persist among immigrant Sikhs and the interaction between caste and marriage. While a significant portion of our discussion will be quantitative, the

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Caste and international migration, India to the UK

Dhanda¹

2013

The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration

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The paths of those who leave home for foreign lands are rarely straight or simple. Very seldom is there a yellow brick road leading to an emerald city. Some people need to escape from hopelessness. Others are beckoned by the allure of promises. Sometimes the direction of the journey may unexpectedly change and at other times the decisions of others leave the travelers with no choice but to go with the flow. In different ways – destiny, irrationality, and the desire for the unknown – surge people forward in just the same way as compulsions of a more palpable kind, such as economic advancement and fleeing from persecution, play their part in making people leave home for foreign lands. The same vagaries of chance also apply to the “decisions” people make to stay put in a foreign land and not return “home.” How does the caste of a person – high or low – impact upon their experience of migration?

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Untouchability in India with a Difference: Ad Dharm, Dalit Assertion, and Caste Conflicts in Punjab

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Class, caste and housing in rural Pakistani Punjab: The untold story of the Five Marla Scheme

Class, caste and housing in rural Pakistani Punjab: The untold story of the Five Marla Scheme

Caste and Marriage Among the Sikhs of Southern California: Observations From a Statistical Analysis

Caste and international migration, India to the UK

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