Unusual Causes of Varicose Veins in the Lower Extremities: CT Venographic and Doppler US Findings

Jung, Sung Eun; Lee, Whal; Chung, Jin Wook; Jae, Hwan Jun; Park, Eun Ah; Jin, Kwang Nam; Shin, Cheong Il; Park, Jae Hyung

doi:10.1148/rg.292085154

Cited by 67 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…In fact, venous anastomoses run along the femur, within the adductor compartment [14], not close to the hamstring muscle as was observed in our material. It also has to be mentioned that persistent sciatic vein was described as unusual but important: location of varicose veins [10,16] and thromboses [12] as well as unusual causes of reflux from the popliteal fossa and sural nerve damage [9].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variations in popliteal fossa venous anatomy: implications for diagnosis of deep-vein thrombosis

2013

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variations in popliteal fossa venous anatomy: implications for diagnosis of deep-vein thrombosis

2013

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“…• It can be related to the presence or history of vulvovaginal, gluteal, perineal, or lower limb varices [23].…”

Section: Clinical Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pelvic congestion syndrome: the current state of the literature

Borghi

Dell’Atti

2015

Arch Gynecol Obstet

114

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Once the syndrome has been accurately diagnosed, medical, surgical, or minimally invasive endovascular treatments can improve symptoms in a high percentage of cases. This updated nonsystematic review of the literature explores the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic investigations, and treatment option of this complex condition that affects young women with considerable implications for their daily social and psychological condition.

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“…Dilated right epigastric vein (caput medusae) has also been shown to connect to a varicose vein in the anterior right thigh where they have been responsible for presence of varicose vein in lower extremities. 67 …”

Section: Superior or Inferior Mesenteric Veinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collateral Pathways in Portal Hypertension

Sharma

Rameshbabu²

2012

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology

128

104

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Presence of portosystemic collateral veins (PSCV) is common in portal hypertension due to cirrhosis. Physiologically, normal portosystemic anastomoses exist which exhibit hepatofugal flow. With the development of portal hypertension, transmission of backpressure leads to increased flow in these patent normal portosystemic anastomoses. In extrahepatic portal vein obstruction collateral circulation develops in a hepatopetal direction and portoportal pathways are frequently found. The objective of this review is to illustrate the various PSCV and portoportal collateral vein pathways pertinent to portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis and EHPVO. ( J CLIN EXP HEPATOL 2012;2:338-352) A lmost any vein in the abdomen may serve as a potential collateral channel to the systemic circulation. Presence of abnormal collateral vessels appears to be one of the most sensitive (70-83%) and specific sonographic signs for the diagnosis of portal hypertension. 1 When blood flow through a vessel or a vascular bed is obstructed due to occlusion, as in EHPVO, or distortion, as in liver cirrhosis, collateral pathways open up as blood bypasses the occlusion or obstruction, always flowing down a pressure gradient from a high pressure to a low-pressure vessel or bed. The formation of portosystemic pathways occurs due to reopening of collapsed embryonic channels or reversal of the flow within existing adult veins. 2,3 The number of collateral channels depends on the severity of portal hypertension i.e. the differential gradient driving the flow between the portal and the systemic circulations and the duration of portal hypertension. The more severe and more prolonged the portal hypertension, the higher are the number of portosystemic pathways. However, this traditional hypothesis has been challenged and it has been suggested that the formation of portosystemic collateral circulation may be due in part to angiogenesis driven by vascular endothelial growth factor. 4,5 Almost 50 years have passed since the first detailed description of portosystemic collateral veins (PSCV) in portal hypertension appeared. 6 Precise mapping of PSCV is essential to therapeutic decisions and multidetector computerized tomography (MDCT) is sometimes used for cartography of PSCV. 7 EUS is increasingly being used for evaluation of PSCV and additionally provides an option for performing therapeutic interventions. 8 In addition to PSCV, PPCV pathways are frequently found in extrahepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO). The objective of this review is to illustrate the various PSCV and PPCV pathways pertinent to portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis and EHPVO. NORMAL PORTOSYSTEMIC ANASTOMOSESThe left gastric vein (LGV) anastomoses with the esophageal veins, which in turn drain into the azygos vein (AV). The superior rectal vein (SRV) anastomoses with the middle and inferior rectal veins (IRV), which are, respectively, tributaries of the internal iliac and the pudendal veins. The paraumbilical vein (PUV) anastomoses with subcutaneous veins in the anterior abdominal...

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Unusual Causes of Varicose Veins in the Lower Extremities: CT Venographic and Doppler US Findings

Cited by 67 publications

References 38 publications

Variations in popliteal fossa venous anatomy: implications for diagnosis of deep-vein thrombosis

Variations in popliteal fossa venous anatomy: implications for diagnosis of deep-vein thrombosis

Pelvic congestion syndrome: the current state of the literature

Collateral Pathways in Portal Hypertension

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