Unusual Nonlinear Dynamics Observed in NbN Superconducting Microwave Resonators

Abdo, Baleegh; Segev, Eran; Shtempluck, Oleg; Buks, Eyal

doi:10.1088/1742-6596/43/1/329

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…For our 4 µm and 2.5 µm devices, microwave powers at the input port of the resonator beyond −15 and −23 dBm (B 1 = 0.2 and 0.09 µT), respectively, were seen to affect the resonance lineshape without bias currents. This behavior has been reported previously 21,22 , and is a signature of the strong nonlinearity of the superconductor. (2) In our DEER experiments, we applied two bias current pulses -one before, and another after the π pulse on 31 P donors -to cancel phase accumulation from the inhomogeneous magnetic fields generated by the bias currents.…”

supporting

confidence: 84%

“…From simulations that take into account the full distribution of B i and the microwave magnetic field, B 1 , we estimate that a broadening comparable to the ESR linewidth can be caused by a misalignment of ∼ 4.7 • . Additionally, we observed that microwave powers larger than -32 dBm affected the resonance lineshape with a bias current of 4 mA due to the non-linearity of the superconductor 21,22 . The reduced signal intensity for rectangular pulses is due to a combination of reduced microwave power and broadening due to misalignment.…”

mentioning

confidence: 88%

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Multi-frequency spin manipulation using rapidly tunable superconducting coplanar waveguide microresonators

Asfaw

Sigillito

Tyryshkin

et al. 2017

Applied Physics Letters

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In this work, we demonstrate the use of frequency-tunable superconducting NbTiN coplanar waveguide microresonators for multi-frequency pulsed electron spin resonance (ESR) experiments. By applying a bias current to the center pin, the resonance frequency (∼7.6 GHz) can be continuously tuned by as much as 95 MHz in 270 ns without a change in the quality factor of 3000 at 2K. We demonstrate the ESR performance of our resonators by measuring donor spin ensembles in silicon and show that adiabatic pulses can be used to overcome magnetic field inhomogeneities and microwave power limitations due to the applied bias current. We take advantage of the rapid tunability of these resonators to manipulate both phosphorus and arsenic spins in a single pulse sequence, demonstrating pulsed double electron-electron resonance (DEER). Our NbTiN resonator design is useful for multi-frequency pulsed ESR and should also have applications in experiments where spin ensembles are used as quantum memories.Superconducting microresonators have dramatically enhanced the detection sensitivity of conventional electron spin resonance (ESR). Recently, single-shot detection of 10 7 spins has been demonstrated at 2K using coplanar waveguide (CPW) resonators 1,2 , and further improvements in the readout at mK temperatures have enabled detection of 10 3 spins 3,4 using lumped-element resonators. As a result, these resonators are routinely used for the manipulation of spin ensembles and have also been proposed as buses for coherently coupling superconducting qubits with spins 5,6 . The resonance frequencies of CPW and lumped-element resonators are typically fixed by fabrication, and conventional methods used to tune the resonance frequency post-fabrication using superconducting quantum interference devices are incompatible with the high magnetic fields that are typically necessary for X-band ESR. A method that enables frequency tunability of superconducting microresonators at high magnetic fields is thus desirable for multifrequency ESR. The ability to tune the resonance frequency on-demand also allows greater control of spin dynamics 7,8 as well as the coupled spin-cavity dynamics in the strong-coupling regime where spin ensembles are used as quantum memories 6,9 . In this work, we fabricate frequency-tunable CPW resonators that are compatible with high magnetic fields following recently developed techniques 10-12 . We show multi-frequency ESR with 31 P donors in 28 Si, finding no effect on spin coherence when the resonators are operated at different frequencies. We show that the resonance frequency can be tuned in no more than ∼270 ns. As a practical application, we take advantage of the rapid tunability of our resonators to manipulate 31 P and 75 As donor spin ensembles that are 33 MHz apart in a single pulse sequence.

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supporting

confidence: 84%

mentioning

confidence: 88%

Multi-frequency spin manipulation using rapidly tunable superconducting coplanar waveguide microresonators

Asfaw

Sigillito

Tyryshkin

et al. 2017

Applied Physics Letters

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“…Microwave powers exceeding -64 dBm were observed to distort the resonance lineshapes of some of the resonators. This behavior has been observed previously, and is a signature of the large kinetic inductance of the superconductor 19,20 . For the remainder of this work, we focus on one of the SKIFFS with nw = 10 µm and a resonance frequency near 4.2 GHz.…”

Section: Fig 1 (A)supporting

confidence: 83%

SKIFFS: Superconducting Kinetic Inductance Field-Frequency Sensors for sensitive magnetometry in moderate background magnetic fields

Asfaw

Kleinbaum

Hazard

et al. 2018

Applied Physics Letters

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We describe sensitive magnetometry using lumped-element resonators fabricated from a superconducting thin film of NbTiN. Taking advantage of the large kinetic inductance of the superconductor, we demonstrate a continuous resonance frequency shift of 27 MHz for a change in magnetic field of 1.8 µT within a perpendicular background field of 60 mT. By using phase-sensitive readout of microwaves transmitted through the sensors, we measure phase shifts in real time with a sensitivity of 1 degree/nT. We present measurements of the noise spectral density of the sensors, and find their field sensitivity is at least within one to two orders of magnitude of superconducting quantum interference devices operating with zero background field. Our superconducting kinetic inductance field-frequency sensors enable real-time magnetometry in the presence of moderate perpendicular background fields up to at least 0.2 T. Applications for our sensors include the stabilization of magnetic fields in long coherence electron spin resonance measurements and quantum computation.Disordered superconductors such as NbTiN, TiN and NbN have become ubiquitous in several fields of study due to their large kinetic inductance and resilience to large background magnetic fields 1,2 . Microwave kinetic inductance detectors 3-5 and superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors 6,7 fabricated from kinetic inductors are now routinely used in astronomy and imaging. Kinetic inductors can also be used in applications such as current-sensing 8 , magnetometry 9 , parametric amplification 10,11 , generation of frequency combs 12 , and superconducting qubits 13,14 .In this work, we take advantage of the kinetic inductance of a thin film of NbTiN to fabricate lumped-element resonators whose resonance frequencies are strongly dependent on the perpendicular magnetic field, changing by as much as 27 MHz for a field change of 1.8 µT.We demonstrate a method for real-time measurement of AC magnetic fields based on phase-sensitive readout of microwave transmission through the resonators, finding a detection sensitivity of 1 degree/nT. Our Superconducting Kinetic Inductance Field-Frequency Sensors (SKIFFS) are able to operate in perpendicular background magnetic fields at least as large as 0.2 T, and may find applications in quantum computation, where superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) based on Josephson junctions may not be applicable due to the large magnetic fields.Our SKIFFS are fabricated from a 7 nm NbTiN thin film (T C ∼ 9 K, R sheet = 252 Ω/ ) DC-sputtered reactively on a c-axis sapphire substrate using a NbTi alloy target and an Ar/N environment 15 . The device features are patterned using electron-beam lithography followed by reactive-ion etching with an SF 6 /Ar plasma. A scanning electron micrograph of a SKIFFS is shown in figure Fig. 1a. The sensor is a lumped-element microwave resonator fabricated from a 100 µm × 100 µm rectangular a) Electronic mail: asfaw@princeton. edu FIG. 1. (a) Scanning electron micrograph of a SKIFFS resonato...

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“…The merit of nonlinearity can be studied by measuring the parametric variation of the quality factor (Q-factor), the surface reactance, and the resistance of superconducting resonators. Such a variation always behaves as a function of the frequencies and power levels of the input signal [3], external magnetic field, or ambient temperature [4], [5]. The nonlinearity can even be found by measuring higher orders of harmonic power spectra [6].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Investigations on Nonlinear Properties of Superconducting Nanowire Meanderline in RF and Microwave Frequencies

Yan

Majedi

2009

IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.

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We report our experimental investigations on the radio frequency (RF) and microwave nonlinear behavior of the NbN nanowire meanderline. We construct a lumped element model of the NbN nanowire meanderline, which consists of a kinetic inductance, a normal resistance, and a parasitic capacitance that is a load of a transmission line. Two complementary measurements, which are based on the one-port scattering (S)-parameter technique, are used to explore the nonlinearity in the kinetic inductance and the normal resistance of the NbN nanowire meanderline under dc current and voltage bias conditions. In the first series of experiments, the kinetic inductance has directly been measured from zero up to 99% of the critical current and to the voltage bias, where the hotspot plateau occurs. The Ginsburg-Landau (G-L) theory has been employed to justify the results. The technical procedures required to achieve our desired level of accuracy have been described in detail. In the second series of experiments, the quality factor of the NbN nanowire meanderline has been measured, providing an alternative justification to the first experimental results.

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Unusual Nonlinear Dynamics Observed in NbN Superconducting Microwave Resonators

Cited by 4 publications

References 39 publications

Multi-frequency spin manipulation using rapidly tunable superconducting coplanar waveguide microresonators

Multi-frequency spin manipulation using rapidly tunable superconducting coplanar waveguide microresonators

SKIFFS: Superconducting Kinetic Inductance Field-Frequency Sensors for sensitive magnetometry in moderate background magnetic fields

Experimental Investigations on Nonlinear Properties of Superconducting Nanowire Meanderline in RF and Microwave Frequencies

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