Unusual Sites of Cutaneous Tuberculosis: A Report of Two Cases

Abstract

Cutaneous tuberculosis (CTB) is an uncommon small subset of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, comprising 1–1.5% of all extrapulmonary tuberculosis manifestations, which manifests only in 8.4–13.7% of all tuberculosis cases. Lupus vulgaris (LV) and tuberculosis verrucosa cutis (TBVC) are forms of reinfection tuberculosis and often occur in presensitized patients, by exogenous inoculation. We report two cases of cutaneous tuberculosis at unusual sites. A 35-year-old female having a forehead lesion for 2 years was diagnosed as having tuberculosis verrucosa cutis and another 16-year-old girl with lesion in left axilla for 10 years was proven to have lupus vulgaris. The delayed diagnosis was possibly due to lower clinical suspicion due to the presentation of CTB at unusual sites. This highlights the importance of keeping TB as an important differential as misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis of this entity can lead to prolonged morbidity.

Coexistence of tuberculous gumma with tuberculosis verrucous cutis (TBVC) in an immunocompetent female

“…Histopathologically well formed classical tubercular granuloma with pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia of epidermis is seen. But caseous necrosis is a rare finding [5]. Tuberculous gumma, also known as metastatic tubercular abscess is a rare form of cutaneous TB, caused by hematogenous spread of the bacilli from a primary underlying focus during periods of lowered immunity.…”

Decentralized credit scoring: Black box 3.0

“…295 This interest was further clarified in November 2021, when the CFPB replied to a presidential working group's report concerning stablecoins. 296 In the reply, the head of the CFPB, Rohit Chopra, stated that, "the CFPB is actively monitoring and preparing for broader consumer adoption of cryptocurrencies," referencing the possibility of using stablecoins for "consumer deposits, stored value instruments, retail, and other consumer payments mechanisms, and in consumer credit arrangements." 297 Emphasizing its commitment to protecting consumers in areas that should include matters such as crypto lending and credit, in early 2022 the CFPB announced that it will safeguard crypto consumers against errors, theft, or fraud.…”

Pediatric Tuberculosis Management: A Global Challenge or Breakthrough?

“…It affects the skin, is rare, and accounts for 1–2% of all TB cases [ 89 ]. It typically occurs because of the direct spread of M. tuberculosis bacilli from infected organs located under the skin, and these are typically the lymph nodes.…”