Unusually thick freshwater ice and its impacts on aquatic resources in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPR-A) during the winter of 2020–2021

Abstract

Despite a long-term thinning trend in freshwater ice in northern Alaska, cold low-snow cover winters can still emerge to grow thick ice. In 2021, we observed abnormally thick ice by winter’s end on lakes and rivers throughout the Fish Creek Watershed in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPR-A). This recent and anomalous winter presented an opportunity to assess how such conditions, more typical of many decades’ previous, affected aquatic habitat and winter water supply. Observed maximum ice thickness in 2021 of 1.9 m closely matched low-snow ice-growth simulations, whereas previous records averaged 1.5 m and more closely matched high-snow ice-growth simulations. The resulting extent of bedfast lake ice from late winter synthetic aperture radar (SAR) analysis in 2021 was the highest on record since 1992. This SAR analysis suggests a 33% reduction in liquid water below ice by lake surface area compared to the recent thin-ice winter of 2018 (1.2 m). Together these results help place the cold, low-snow winter of 2020-21 in context of the long-term trend toward warmer, snowier winters that appear to becoming more common in arctic Alaska.

Integrating hydrological connectivity and zooplankton composition in Arctic ponds and lakes

“…Depth increases habitat volume especially in winter (i.e. volume of liquid water below the ice) promoting higher survival during the winter (Arp et al, 2022), which is essential for long‐lived consumers such as copepods. Depth further increases zooplankton avoidance success from fish by allowing a larger vertical migration range (Boeing et al, 2006; Dodson, 1988; Johnson et al, 2007).…”