Unveiling Associations of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance, Hesitancy, and Resistance: A Cross-Sectional Community-Based Adult Survey

Abstract

COVID-19 vaccines are essential to limit and eliminate the infectious disease. This research aims to identify strong vaccination resistance profiles and/or hesitation considering health, psychosocial, and COVID-related variables. A cross-sectional online survey (N = 300) was conducted in the context of strict COVID-related gathering and mobility restrictions (January–March 2021). Data collected were vaccine acceptance, hesitancy and resistance rates, general psychosocial status, and preventive practices and beliefs regarding COVID-19 and its vaccination, among other factors. Logistic regression was applied to a real-world data set and a significant model (χ2 (7, N = 278) = 124.548, p < 0.001) explaining 51.3% (R2 Nagelkerke) of attitudes towards vaccination was obtained, including the following predictors for acceptance: to have greater confidence in the COVID vaccine security (OR = 0.599) and effectiveness (OR = 0.683), older age (OR = 0.952), to be a healthcare professional (OR = 0.363), to have vulnerable individuals in charge (OR = 0.330), and sustain the belief that the vaccine will end the pandemic situation (OR = 0.346) or not being sure but give some credence to that belief (OR = 0.414). Findings could help understand the rate and determinants of COVID-19 vaccine resistance/hesitancy among a Spanish population sample and facilitate multifaceted interventions to enhance vaccine acceptance.

COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: The Role of Information Sources and Beliefs in Dutch Adults

“…Using the ICM, a model that integrates various other models for understanding health behaviours [ 18 ], this study explained 58% of the variance in VH. This finding is similar to other studies on COVID-19 VH (e.g., [ 69 ]). Also in line with recent reviews [ 70 ], the findings reveal important differences between hesitant and non-hesitant individuals on various predisposing, motivational, awareness, and informational factors regarding COVID-19 VH.…”

Implications for COVID-19 vaccine uptake: A systematic review

“…Concerns regarding the fast development, safety, negative side effects, commercial profiteering, and the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine were common psychological factors negatively associated with its vaccine uptake at Times 1 and 2 [33] , [34] , [35] , [39] , [43] , [47] , [48] , [49] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [60] , [62] , [65] , [67] , [70] , [72] , [75] , [76] , [77] , [79] , [87] , [90] , [95] , [97] , [98] , [101] . Fear, anxiety, panic, and worries regarding COVID-19 were positively related to vaccine uptake during both time periods [63] , [64] , [85] , [93] . Another variable found to be a common positive predictor during the two time periods was knowledge regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, including its preventive measures and a COVID-19 vaccine [35] , [40] , [43] , [45] , [64] , [76] , [86] , [87] , [90] , [97] , [102] .…”

“…Fear, anxiety, panic, and worries regarding COVID-19 were positively related to vaccine uptake during both time periods [63] , [64] , [85] , [93] . Another variable found to be a common positive predictor during the two time periods was knowledge regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, including its preventive measures and a COVID-19 vaccine [35] , [40] , [43] , [45] , [64] , [76] , [86] , [87] , [90] , [97] , [102] . Trust in science, COVID-19 information sources, government institutions, preventive measures against the COVID-19 pandemic, health professionals, the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, and the media were found to correlate positively with COVID-19 vaccine uptake for both time periods [43] , [47] , [54] , [55] , [61] , [74] , [81] , [88] , [93] , [95] .…”

“…Only one study used a face-to-face data collection method, and one used both face-to-face and web-based data collection methods [87] . In terms of study design, four studies used a longitudinal survey design [40] , [88] , one used an experimental design [89] , one employed a mixed-methods study design [50] , and 52 employed a cross-sectional study design [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] , [49] , [50] , [51] , [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] , [59] , [60] , [61] , [62] , [63] , [64] , [65] , [66] , [67] , [68] , [69] , [70] , [71] , [72] , [73] , [74] , [75] , [76] , [77] , [78] , [79] , [80] , [81] , [82] , [83] , [84] , [85] , [86] , [90] , [91] , [92] (refer to ...…”

“…For both time periods, 17 studies that compared women vs. men reported that men were more likely to accept the COVID-19 vaccine [41] , [43] , [46] , [47] , [52] , [56] , [61] , [62] , [65] , [72] , [74] , [75] , [76] , [81] , [83] , [85] , [88] ; however, in four studies, women were more likely to accept the COVID-19 vaccine [39] , [75] , [86] , [93] . Older age was associated with increased COVID-19 vaccine uptake compared to younger age [35] , [38] , [50] , [52] , [53] , [57] , [64] , [74] , [75] , [76] , [85] , [86] , [90] , [92] , [95] , [100] , and this result was stable across the time periods, with six studies reporting higher uptake in younger age groups [39] , [43] , [47] , [62] , [65] , [94] . Across both periods, 18 studies found that education levels correlated positively with COVID-19 vaccine uptake [35] , [46] , [49] , [52] , [53] , [57] , [59] , [60] , [63] , [67] , [68] , [74] , [76] , [85] , [88] , [90] , …”