Unveiling Core–Shell Structure Formation in a Ni₃Fe Nanoparticle with In Situ Multi-Bragg Coherent Diffraction Imaging

Abstract

Solid-state reactions play a key role in materials science. The evolution of the structure of a single 350 nm Ni 3 Fe nanoparticle, i.e., its morphology (facets) as well as its deformation field, has been followed by applying multireflection Bragg coherent diffraction imaging. Through this approach, we unveiled a demixing process that occurs at high temperatures (600 °C) under an Ar atmosphere. This process leads to the gradual emergence of a highly strained core−shell structure, distinguished by two distinct lattice parameters with a difference of 0.4%. Concurrently, this transformation causes the facets to vanish, ultimately yielding a rounded core−shell nanoparticle. This final structure comprises a Ni 3 Fe core surrounded by a 40 nm Ni-rich outer shell due to preferential iron oxidation. Providing in situ 3D imaging of the lattice parameters at the nanometer scale while varying the temperature, this study�with the support of atomistic simulations�not only showcases the power of in situ multireflection BCDI but also provides valuable insights into the mechanisms at work during a solid-state reaction characterized by a core−shell transition.