Unveiling DNA Translocation in Pristine Graphene Nanopores: Understanding Pore Clogging via Polarizable Simulations

Abstract

Graphene has garnered remarkable attention in recent years as an attractive nanopore membrane for rapid and accurate sequencing of DNA. The inherent characteristics of graphene offer exquisite experimental control over pore dimensions, encompassing both the width (pore diameter) and height. Despite these promising prospects, the practical deployment of pristine graphene nanopores for DNA sequencing has encountered a formidable challenge in the form of pore clogging, which is primarily attributed to hydrophobic interactions. However, a comprehensive understanding of the atomistic origins underpinning this clogging phenomenon and the nuanced impact of individual nucleobase identities on clogging dynamics remain an underexplored domain. Elucidating the atomistic intricacies governing pore clogging is pivotal to devising strategies for its mitigation and advancing our understanding of graphene nanopore behavior. We harness Drude polarizable simulations to systematically dissect the nucleobase-dependent mechanisms that play a pivotal role in nanopore clogging. We unveil nucleobase-specific interactions that illuminate the multifaceted roles played by both hydrophobic and electrostatic forces in driving nanopore clogging events. Notably, the Drude simulations also unveil the bias-dependent translocation dynamics and its pivotal role in alleviating pore clogging�a facet that remains significantly underestimated in conventional additive (nonpolarizable) simulations. Our findings underscore the indispensability of incorporating polarizability to faithfully capture the intricate dynamics governing graphene nanopore translocation phenomena, thus deepening our insights into this crucial field.

Graphene: From Solid Support for Nucleobase Assisted Self-Assemblies to Functional Material for DNA Sequencing

“…Some recent developments to this end have been the use of nonequilibrium modeling to capture the concentration dependent dynamics. , Recent experimental studies have explored transverse detection of DNA strands using both graphene and MoS 2 nanopores, wherein nucleobase detection was observed in both the cases. Theoretically many groups have explored transverse current signatures of nucleobases trapped within a nanopore; however, a limitation with this work is that these DFT based calculations are performed using single layer nanopores. − A multilayer description must be adopted for a better description of nanopore interactions as evidenced by simulation studies. , We expect to see more investigations from both experimental and theoretical points of view aimed at investigating the transport of DNA molecules across nanopores.…”