Unveiling risk factors for post-COVID-19 syndrome development in people with type 2 diabetes

Abstract

IntroductionPost-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) is a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection-associated chronic condition characterized by long-term violations of physical and mental health. People with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are at high risk for severe COVID-19 and PCS.AimThe current study aimed to define the predictors of PCS development in people with T2D for further planning of preventive measures and improving patient outcomes.Materials and methodsThe data were collected through the national survey targeting persons with T2D concerning the history of COVID-19 course and signs and symptoms that developed during or after COVID-19 and continued for more than 12 weeks and were not explained by an alternative diagnosis. In total, 469 patients from different regions of Ukraine were enrolled in the study. Among them, 227 patients reported PCS development (main group), while 242 patients did not claim PCS symptoms (comparison group). Stepwise multivariate logistic regression and probabilistic neural network (PNN) models were used to select independent risk factors.ResultsBased on the survey data, 8 independent factors associated with the risk of PCS development in T2D patients were selected: newly diagnosed T2D (OR 4.86; 95% CI 2.55–9.28; p<0.001), female sex (OR 1.29; 95% CI 0.86–1.94; p=0.220), COVID-19 severity (OR 1.35 95% CI 1.05–1.70; p=0.018), myocardial infarction (OR 2.42 95% CI 1.26–4.64; p=0.002) and stroke (OR 3.68 95% CI 1.70–7.96; p=0.001) in anamnesis, HbA1c above 9.2% (OR 2.17 95% CI 1.37–3.43; p=0.001), and the use of insulin analogs (OR 2.28 95% CI 1.31–3.94; p=0.003) vs human insulin (OR 0.67 95% CI 0.39–1.15; p=0.146). Although obesity aggravated COVID-19 severity, it did not impact PCS development. In ROC analysis, the 8-factor multilayer perceptron (MLP) model exhibited better performance (AUC 0.808; 95% CІ 0.770–0.843), allowing the prediction of the risk of PCS development with a sensitivity of 71.4%, specificity of 76%, PPV of 73.6% and NPV of 73.9%.ConclusionsPatients who were newly diagnosed with T2D, had HbA1c above 9.2%, had previous cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events, and had severe COVID-19 associated with mechanical lung ventilation were at high risk for PCS.