Amidst the outbreak of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19),
the detection and assessment of metal/nonmetal ions, drugs, pesticides,
proteins, nucleic acids, viruses, and other pathogens have become
paramount for effective water environmental quality management. Cobalt
metal nanomaterials have emerged as promising candidates for diverse
applications spanning catalysis, sensing, and environmental sciences.
Their unique catalytic ability, as well as their electrochemical redox
capabilities and peroxidase-mimicking activity, make them effective
substitutes for biological enzymes. Recent research advancements have
showcased the potential of cobalt-based nanomaterials, particularly
cobalt metal–organic frameworks (Co-MOFs), which have achieved
numerous breakthroughs in optical, electrochemical, and photoelectrochemical
sensing. However, the limitations of single metal materials in terms
of catalytic activity, stability, and electronic properties have prompted
the evolution toward binary and ternary cobalt-based nanocomposites.
To fully exploit the potential of these promising materials for practical
applications, the development of effective strategies for controlling
structural defects and engineering the chemical functional groups
of cobalt-based nanocomposites is crucial for producing high-quality,
cost-effective, and environmentally friendly cobalt-based nanomaterials.
Additionally, enhancing the anti-interference capability of cobalt-based
nanomaterial sensors and optimizing their applicable conditions are
essential next steps. The insights presented in the review will provide
valuable support for the further development and wider adoption of
cobalt-based nanomaterials in practical applications, contributing
to advancements in water environmental quality management and beyond.