Unveiling the Chemical Composition and Biological Properties of Salvia cacaliifolia Benth. Essential Oil

Abstract

Salvia is widely recognized for its therapeutic potential. However, the biological relevance of some species remains unknown, namely Salvia cacaliifolia Benth. Therefore, the aim of this study is to unveil the chemical composition and relevant properties to its essential oil (EO). The EO was characterized by GC and GC-MS and its antifungal effect was evaluated according to the CLSI guidelines on dermatophytes and yeasts. The anti-inflammatory potential was assessed on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages, by assessing the production of nitric oxide (NO) and the effect on the protein levels of two key pro-inflammatory enzymes, iNOS and COX-2 by western blot analysis. Wound healing capacity was determined using the scratch wound healing assay, and the anti-aging potential was assessed by evaluating the senescence marker β-galactosidase. The EO was mainly characterized by γ-curcumene, β-bisabolene, bicyclogermacrene and curzerenone. It is effective in inhibiting the growth of dermatophytes and C. neoformans. The EO significantly decreased iNOS and COX-2 protein levels and concomitantly reduced NO release. Additionally, it demonstrated anti-senescence potential and promoted wound healing. Overall, this study highlights relevant pharmacological properties of the EO of Salvia cacaliifolia, which should be further explored envisaging the development of sustainable, innovative, and environmentally friendly skin products.

Advances in the Phytochemical Characterisation and Bioactivities of Salvia aurea L. Essential Oil

“…The essential oil was obtained by 3 h of hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus, according to the European Pharmacopoeia guidelines [ 89 ]. The subsequent analysis by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were conducted according to [ 13 ]. Briefly, for the GC analysis, an HP 5 capillary column was used, with an experimental procedure of 82 min at different temperatures, respectively, from 60 °C to 246 °C at a 3 °C/min rate, which was then kept at 246 °C for 20 min.…”

“…Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) content were assessed by Western blot analysis as previously described [ 13 ]. For protein separation, an electrophoretic run with 10%( v / v ) SDS-polyacrylamide gels at 130 V was performed for 1.5 h. The protein lines were consequently blotted to polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (previously activated with methanol) at 400 mA for 3 h. The membranes were then incubated for 1 h at room temperature with non-specific IgGs with 5% ( w / v ) skim milk in TBS-T.…”

“…Cell migration was carried out using the scratch wound assay according to Martinotti et al [ 94 ] with slight modifications, as previously reported [ 13 ]. Briefly, NIH 3T3 fibroblasts were seeded at 2.5 × 10 5 cells/mL and allowed to reach confluency.…”

“…Some of these are cultivated worldwide for their culinary use as well as for medicinal purposes; in fact, they have long been employed in folk medicine [ 10 , 11 ]. Many species show important biological properties, including antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, hypoglycemic, and antidementia effects [ 12 , 13 ].…”

Essential Oils and Biological Activities of Eucalyptus falcata, E. sideroxylon and E. citriodora Growing in Tunisia

“…According to the literature, the EOs of various plants have been reported to possess a significant phytotoxic effect against weeds [ 5 , 8 , 11 ]. Hence, exploiting the allelopathic potential of molecules with herbicidal properties could be a promising approach for weed control [ 4 , 7 , 11 , 14 ].…”