Unveiling the experimental proof of the anticancer potential of ginsenoside Rg3 (Review)

Liu, Yongmin; Li, Guanchu; Ning, Jinyue; Zhao, Yi

doi:10.3892/ol.2024.14315

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 80 publications

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“…Further, we did not examine whether RGin reduced the anti-tumor activity of DXR. Although RGin is generally recognized as an agent that enhances resistance to tumor activity, no studies have simultaneously examined the inhibition of DICM development and avoidance of reduced antitumor activity [ 54 , 55 ]. This is the next research question.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red ginseng prevents doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy by inhibiting cell death via activating the Nrf2 pathway

Yoshikawa,

Hirata,

Kurone

et al. 2024

Cardio-Oncology

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Background Doxorubicin (DXR) is an effective chemotherapeutic agent. DOX-induced cardiomyopathy (DICM), a major limitation of DXR, is a complication with limited treatment options. We previously reported that Red Ginseng (steamed and dried the root of Panax Ginseng cultivated for over six years; RGin) is beneficial for the treatment of DICM. However, the mechanism underlying the action of RGin remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of action underlying the efficacy of RGin in the treatment of DICM. Methods Four-week-old DBA/2 mice were divided into: vehicle, DXR, RGin, and DXR + RGin (n = 10/group). Mice were treated with DXR (4 mg/kg, once a week, accumulated 20 mg/kg, i.p.) or RGin (0.5 g/kg, three times a week, i.p.). To evaluate efficacy, the survival rate and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were measured as a measure of cardiac function, and cardiomyocytes were subjected to Masson trichrome staining. To investigate the mechanism of action, western blotting was performed to evaluate the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1, transferrin receptor (TfR), and other related proteins. Data were analyzed using the Easy R software. Between-group comparisons were performed using one-way analysis of variance and analyzed using a post-hoc Tukey test. Survival rates were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant in all analyses. Results RGin treatment prolongs survival and protects against reduced LVEF. In the DXR group, Nrf2 was not activated and cell death was accelerated. Furthermore, there was an increase in the TfR levels, suggesting abnormal iron metabolism. However, the DXR + RGin group showed activation of the Nrf2 pathway and suppression of myocardial cell death. Furthermore, there was no increase in TfR expression, suggesting that there were no abnormalities in iron metabolism. Therefore, the mechanism of action of RGin in DICM involves an increase in antioxidant activity and inhibition of cell death through activation of the Nrf2 pathway. Conclusion RGin is a useful therapeutic candidate for DICM. Its efficacy is supported by the activation of the Nrf2 pathway, which enhances antioxidant activity and inhibits cell death.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red ginseng prevents doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy by inhibiting cell death via activating the Nrf2 pathway

Yoshikawa,

Hirata,

Kurone

et al. 2024

Cardio-Oncology

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Changes in the chemical composition and medicinal effects of black ginseng during processing

Qiu,

Wang,

et al. 2024

Front. Pharmacol.

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Aim of the StudyTo study the changes in the chemical composition and medicinal effects of black ginseng during processing.Materials and MethodsThe contents of ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rh1, Rb1, 20-(S)-Rg3, 20-(R)-Rg3, and Rg5 were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the percentage of rare saponins was calculated. Furthermore, changes in the contents of reducing sugars and amino acids (i.e., Maillard reaction (MR) substrates) were measured to assess the relationship between processing and the MR. Compounds were identified using HPLC-MS and their cleavage patterns were analyzed. Gene co-expression network bioinformatics techniques were applied to identify the pharmacological mechanism of black ginseng.ResultsThe changes in the physicochemical characteristics of black ginseng during processing were determined based on the MR. Rare saponins accumulated during black ginseng processing. In addition, reducing sugars were produced through polysaccharide pyrolysis and the MR; thus, their content initially increased and then decreased. The amino acid content gradually decreased as the number of evaporation steps increased, indicating that both amino acids and reducing sugars acted as substrates for the MR during black ginseng processing. Thirty-one saponins, 18 sugars, and 58 amino acids were identified based on the MS analysis. Transcriptomics results demonstrated that black ginseng can regulate signaling pathways such as the TNF, IL-17, MAPK, and PI3K-Akt pathways. This finding helps us understand the observed proliferation and differentiation of immune-related cells and positively regulated cell adhesion.

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Unveiling the experimental proof of the anticancer potential of ginsenoside Rg3 (Review)

Cited by 2 publications

References 80 publications

Red ginseng prevents doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy by inhibiting cell death via activating the Nrf2 pathway

Red ginseng prevents doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy by inhibiting cell death via activating the Nrf2 pathway

Changes in the chemical composition and medicinal effects of black ginseng during processing

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