Unwrapping Institutional Change in Fragile Settings: Women Entrepreneurs Driving Institutional Pathways in Afghanistan

Ritchie, Holly A.

doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.03.007

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…This in turn leads to positive effects on their empowerment and economic independence (Al-Dajani and Marlow, 2013). Therefore, contexts of conflict contribute to the transformation of gender roles and social change towards gender equality (Ritchie, 2016). However, entrepreneurial outcomes have been mostly studied in terms of financial performance, and firm survival (McMullen and Warnick, 2016).…”

Section: Gender and Women's Entrepreneurship In Conflict Contextsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Navigating Gaza’s conflict through women’s entrepreneurship

Althalathini

Al‐Dajani

Apostolopoulos

2020

IJGE

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Purpose This paper aims to explore the extent to which women’s entrepreneurship in conflict zones is an influential catalyst for liberalising traditionally conservative gender norms. This purpose is achieved by focussing on women entrepreneurs in Gaza and how they actively renegotiate their multiple gender roles and navigate the social order through entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts the interpretivist approach where individual in-depth interviews were conducted with 16 Palestinian women entrepreneurs operating in Gaza. Findings The findings demonstrate that the context of conflict itself and its impact on gender norms is a prime motivator for women to engage in entrepreneurial ventures. Some gender roles were constraining and other enabling women to initiate and sustain their ventures to contribute to their families’ well-being. In spite of the fact that the conflict context and entrepreneurship have contributed to enhancing the agency of women and their ability to navigate the conflict and its consequences, the gendered practices and assumptions are still used as guidance for legitimising women’s entrepreneurship. Originality/value This paper contributes to the gender and entrepreneurship literature by giving greater visibility to women entrepreneurs operating in conflict zones, which remain under researched. This paper also demonstrates how prolonged conflict instigates social and economic changes that can empower women entrepreneurs while simultaneously reinforcing gendered norms.

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Section: Gender and Women's Entrepreneurship In Conflict Contextsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Navigating Gaza’s conflict through women’s entrepreneurship

Althalathini

Al‐Dajani

Apostolopoulos

2020

IJGE

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“…Given the pressing need to generate income under circumstances in which traditional economic activities for male heads of households are volatile, it may be expected that where employment opportunities are poor, more women will turn to self-employment to supplement or replace lost income streams. There is already some evidence that such activity challenges embedded patriarchal ordering as necessity challenges tradition (Al-Dajani et al, 2015) which has some empowerment potential but also, can lead to increasing gender based violence as accepted orders are challenged (Kim et al, 2007;Ritchie, 2016). Again, this suggests the need to consider disruptions within gendered orders in household authority if more opportunities are afforded to women in relation to external constraints upon traditional male roles.…”

Section: Making Masculinities Visiblementioning

confidence: 99%

Annual review article: Is it time to rethink the gender agenda in entrepreneurship research?

Marlow

2017

International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurs

181

166

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Abstract.This article develops a critique of contemporary approaches to analysing the impact of gender upon entrepreneurial propensity and activity. Since the 1990s, increasing attention has been afforded to the influence of gender upon women's entrepreneurial behaviour; such analyses have highlighted an embedded masculinity within the entrepreneurial discourse which privileges men as normative entrepreneurial actors.Whilst invaluable in revealing a prevailing bias which portrays women in deficit as entrepreneurial actors, their critique is limited in that they tend to position women as a proxy for the gendered subject. Analyses that fail to recognise gender as a human property with myriad articulations not only homogenise women as a category, but also ignore how gender manifests in all entrepreneurial phenomena. To progress debate, we engage more deeply with the notion of gender as a multiplicity by recognising its diversity and considering the implications of such for future studies of entrepreneurial activity.

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“…Horne () states that the emergence of norms typically is a function of negotiation, existing interests, and structure, while Kandori () highlights the part that communities play in norm development and enforcement. Crandall () suggests that norms counter to prevailing society can indeed emerge, but Ritchie () observes that they may be less stable in fragile and low trust contexts. Advancing the work of Mair and Marti (), Ritchie (, ) expands on the combined roles of several actors who may be involved in the renegotiation process of social norms (such as purdah ) vis‐à‐vis women's enterprise development, noting the particular influence of local NGOs and women entrepreneurs.…”

Section: Institutions and Changementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This paper examines refugee women's evolving economic lives and related gender dynamics using the lens of institutional change in regional migrant communities, building on research in conflict‐afflicted Afghanistan (Ritchie, , ). The case studies explore specifically two Islamic refugee contexts: Eastleigh in Nairobi, Kenya (Somali refugees), and Irbid and Zarqa, Jordan (Syrian refugees).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender and enterprise in fragile refugee settings: female empowerment amidst male emasculation—a challenge to local integration?

Ritchie

2017

Disasters

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This paper examines gender and enterprise in fragile refugee settings. Building on previous research in Afghanistan, it analyses refugee women's evolving economic lives and enterprise initiatives and related social dynamics in refugee communities. Case studies look specifically at two Islamic refugee contexts: Nairobi, Kenya (Somali refugees), and Irbid and Zarqa, Jordan (Syrian refugees). The discussion spotlights the precarious nature of refugee women's new practices and work norms under forced and strained circumstances, without a process of negotiation with male family members. In the case of longer-term refugees (Somalis), it describes new collective agency among refugee women, boosting support for new practices. The paper reflects on emerging gender roles and relations in such hostile conditions, particularly as men remain excluded and struggle for their own identity and authority. In addition, it draws attention to the gap relating to refugee men and policymaking, and highlights ways to address better their needs for refugee resilience, inclusion, and local integration.

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Unwrapping Institutional Change in Fragile Settings: Women Entrepreneurs Driving Institutional Pathways in Afghanistan

Cited by 17 publications

References 65 publications

Navigating Gaza’s conflict through women’s entrepreneurship

Navigating Gaza’s conflict through women’s entrepreneurship

Annual review article: Is it time to rethink the gender agenda in entrepreneurship research?

Gender and enterprise in fragile refugee settings: female empowerment amidst male emasculation—a challenge to local integration?

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