Up-down Taper Based In-Fiber Mach-Zehnder Interferometer for Liquid Refractive Index Sensing

Han, Xiaopeng; Liu, Chunyu; Jiang, Shengxu; Leng, S.O.S.; Yang, Jiuru

doi:10.3390/s19245440

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Their sensitivities to RI changes are of the order of 400 nm/RIU around RI of water [ 31 ], which is considerably less than that of DTP-LPGs. A MZI based on up-down tapers [ 32 ] offersa sensitivity of −310 dB/RIU, which again is comparable or less than a similar type of sensitivity of DTP-LPGs where it varies from 317 dB/RIU to 970 dB/RIU ( Figure 3 b and Figure 4 b). A somewhat better sensitivity of 703 nm/RIU is reported for a multicore tapered sensor of 20 mm [ 33 ].…”

Section: Micro In-line Mach–zehnder Interferometers As Highly Ri Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Period Gratings and Microcavity In-Line Mach Zehnder Interferometers as Highly Sensitive Optical Fiber Platforms for Bacteria Sensing

Eftimov

Janik

Koba

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Selected optical fiber sensors offer extraordinary sensitivity to changes in external refractive (RI), which make them promising for label-free biosensing. In this work the most sensitive ones, namely long-period gratings working at (DTP-LPG) and micro-cavity in-line Mach-Zehnder interferometers (µIMZI) are discussed for application in bacteria sensing. We describe their working principles and RI sensitivity when operating in water environments, which is as high as 20,000 nm/RIU (Refractive index unit) for DTP-LPGs and 27,000 nm/RIU for µIMZIs. Special attention is paid to the methods to enhance the sensitivity by etching and nano-coatings. While the DTP-LPGs offer a greater interaction length and sensitivity to changes taking place at their surface, the µIMZIs are best suited for investigations of sub-nanoliter and picoliter volumes. The capabilities of both the platforms for bacteria sensing are presented and compared for strains of Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharide E. coli, outer membrane proteins of E. coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. While DTP-LPGs have been more explored for bacteria detection in 102–106 Colony Forming Unit (CFU)/mL for S. aureus and 103–109 CFU/mL for E. coli, the µIMZIs reached 102–108 CFU/mL for E. coli and have a potential for becoming picoliter bacteria sensors.

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Section: Micro In-line Mach–zehnder Interferometers As Highly Ri Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Period Gratings and Microcavity In-Line Mach Zehnder Interferometers as Highly Sensitive Optical Fiber Platforms for Bacteria Sensing

Eftimov

Janik

Koba

et al. 2020

Sensors

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“…Optical fiber wavelength-dependent sensors are divided into various types according to their structure, such as the fiber Michelson [ 5 ], U-shaped fiber sensor [ 6 , 7 ], coated fiber sensor [ 8 ], and Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ], etc. In 2019, Wang et al [ 5 ] developed a Michelson interferometer by splicing a single-mode fiber and a hollow quartz tube, based on a phase demodulation method, in the range of 1.331 RIU to 1.387 RIU; the refractive index response sensitivity is 8.1498 rad/RIU.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sensor’s cladding diameter is only 35.5 µm, and the refractive index sensitivity is 415 nm/RIU from 1.332 RIU to 1.384 RIU. In 2019, based on the cascaded up-down taper, Han et al [ 13 ] sandwiched a polarization-maintaining fiber between two single-mode fibers, and they record a refractive index sensitivity of −310.40 dB/RIU from 1.3164 RIU to 1.3444 RIU.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Sensitivity Optical Fiber Mach–Zehnder Refractive Index Sensor Based on Waist-Enlarged Bitaper

et al. 2022

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A Mach–Zehnder fiber optic sensor with high refractive index response sensitivity was developed. By fabricating a waist-enlarged bitaper structure on the interference arm of a single mode–multimode–single mode (SMS) Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI), the spectral contrast and response sensitivity were improved. Subsequently, the response sensitivity was further improved by etching the interference arm. When a beam of light was introduced into the sensor, due to the structural mismatch between the multimode fiber and the normal transmission light, the difference between the low-order mode and the high-order mode was generated in the fiber core and the fiber cladding. In the process of transmission in the sensing arm, due to the different refractive indices of the core and cladding, the optical path difference of the high-order mode and the low-order mode was different, which eventually generated interference fringes. The experimentally measured response sensitivity of SMS MZI in the range of 1.351 RIU to 1.402 RIU is 57.623 nm/RIU; the response sensitivity of a single mode–multimode–bitaper–multimode–single mode (SMBMS) MZI is 61.607 nm/RIU; and the response sensitivity of the etched SMBMS (ESMBMS) MZI is 287.65 nm/RIU. The response sensitivity of the new ESMBMS MZI is three times higher than that of the original SMS MZI. The sensor has the characteristics of compact structure, high sensitivity, easy manufacture, and a wide range of refractive index measurements, and can be used in food processing, pharmaceutical manufacturing and other fields.

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“…Different kinds of structures have been proposed based on Michelson interferometer [8], Fabry-Perot interferometers (FPI) [9], fiber Bragg grating [10], etc. Besides, different structures of optic fiber temperature sensors based on the peanut-shaped fiber [11], up-taper fiber [12], and the air-cavity fiber structure [13] have been successfully proposed to improve the temperature sensitivity. The peanut shaped and up-taper shaped structure temperature sensor has the sensitivity of 73pm/℃ and 43.2pm/℃, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-Fiber Mach–Zehnder Interferometer Based on Er Doped Up-Taper and Peanut-Shaped Fiber Structure in Fiber Ring Laser

Lin¹,

Zhou

Shao

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

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It is demonstrated that in this paper a peanut shaped structure cascaded with up-taper fiber structure can realize the inter mode interference between the Erbium doped fiber (EDF) core mode and cladding modes in fiber ring laser (FRL). A simple and inexpensive Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) based on this structure is proposed. Shown from experimental results, the optical intensity of the core mode can be coupled into the cladding modes in the first peanut-shaped structure. Then, the light in the cladding modes can be recoupled into the core mode in the up-taper structure. A high-quality interference spectrum with a signal to noise ratio about 50 dB was observed. Besides, the structure exhibits good mechanical stability when compared to MZIs based on taper or offset structure. The temperature sensitivity of the FRL sensor is 301 pm/℃ and the RI sensitivity is 156 nm/RIU. This kind of MZI will have potential applications in remote sensing technique and the development of life and health.

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Up-down Taper Based In-Fiber Mach-Zehnder Interferometer for Liquid Refractive Index Sensing

Cited by 17 publications

References 36 publications

Long-Period Gratings and Microcavity In-Line Mach Zehnder Interferometers as Highly Sensitive Optical Fiber Platforms for Bacteria Sensing

Long-Period Gratings and Microcavity In-Line Mach Zehnder Interferometers as Highly Sensitive Optical Fiber Platforms for Bacteria Sensing

High Sensitivity Optical Fiber Mach–Zehnder Refractive Index Sensor Based on Waist-Enlarged Bitaper

In-Fiber Mach–Zehnder Interferometer Based on Er Doped Up-Taper and Peanut-Shaped Fiber Structure in Fiber Ring Laser

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