Up periscope: understanding submarine command and control teamwork during a simulated return to periscope depth

Stanton, Neville A.; Roberts, Aaron P.; Fay, Daniel

doi:10.1007/s10111-017-0413-7

Cited by 27 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Information networks detail aspects of communication that underpin the completion of a task as well as the relationships that exist between these different informational nodes. EAST has been used to focus upon specific tasks within varied domains including aviation (Sorensen et al, 2011), rail , driving (Banks & Stanton, 2016) and maritime , 2017a, 2017bStanton 2014Baber et al, 2013) providing meso-level representations of DCOG (Grote et al, 2014). However, this paper goes further by using the representations afforded by EAST (Stanton et al, 2008) to explore DCOG at a macro-level (Grote et al, 2014).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distributed Cognition on the road: Using EAST to explore future road transportation systems

et al. 2018

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Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAV) are set to revolutionise the way in which we use our transportation system. However, we do not fully understand how the integration of wireless and autonomous technology into the road transportation network affects overall network dynamism. This paper uses the theoretical principles underlying Distributed Cognition to explore the dependencies and interdependencies that exist between system agents located within the road environment, traffic management centres and other external agencies in both non-connected and connected transportation systems. This represents a significant step forward in modelling complex sociotechnical systems as it shows that the principles underlying Distributed Cognition can be applied to macro-level systems using the visual representations afforded by the Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST) method.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distributed Cognition on the road: Using EAST to explore future road transportation systems

et al. 2018

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“…Submarine control rooms are nerve centres, utilising trained operators and advanced technology to understand the environment and how operational or strategic goals should be met (Stanton and Bessell 2014;Hautamaki, Bagnall, and Small 2005;Stanton, Roberts, and Fay 2017). A comprehensive understanding of the environment is important for all submarine operations, from both a safety (sea depth, commercial vessels) and tactical (covertness, achieving objectives) perspective.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

All at Sea with User Interfaces: From Evolutionary to Ecological Design for Submarine Combat Systems

Fay

Stanton

Roberts

2019

Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science

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The quickening pace of technological advancement will require submarine command teams of the future to process greater volumes of data, potentially with fewer operators. User Interfaces (UIs) have evolved to meet current requirements, but this iterative process has propagated legacy design paradigms that may be unsuitable for future system specifications.To understand where improvements may be made, a review of current submarine control room operation is presented, using a sociotechnical systems approach. The social (command team: work, structure, and communication) and technical (combat systems) components are presented for context. An emphasis is placed on Sonar and Target Motion Analysis due to their prevalence within the control room. It was found that current UIs place increased cognitive requirements on operators due to the complexity and quantity of information presented. It is proposed that adopting an Ecological Interface Design (EID) approach could reduce such issues, facilitating effective resource allocation to manage increased data volumes. EID has been demonstrated to be effective across many domains, however, its exploitation in submarine control rooms is limited. Advances in modern submarine combat systems have promoted greater flexibility, providing an opportunity to utilise contemporary design philosophies for designing intuitive interfaces to maintain effective control room performance.The submarine control room is a complex sociotechnical system, formed of a highly trained command team and advanced combat system, with the objective of successfully completing missions in challenging environments, such as littoral waters (Roberts, Stanton, and Fay 2018).The system has evolved over time and so are highly evolved regarding operational capabilities, but this does not preclude further improvement. Technological advancements are frequently implemented without formal assessment of their impact from a sociotechnical perspective (Roberts and Stanton 2018). On submarine platforms, technological advancements are affording greater capabilities to meet changing requirements of operation (Bateman, 2011, Dominguez, Long, Miller, & Wiggins, 2006. These include new sensors and upgrades to existing sensors, producing larger volumes of data (Stillion and Clark 2015) with a drive to reduce crew sizes (Ly, Huf, and Henley 2007;Masakowski 2000). A critical question is whether such advances are being implemented with adequate consideration of the capacities of the operators, who already process large volumes of information. Of interest for potential improvements are the User Interfaces (UIs), which despite being highly advanced, have design shortcomings that limit operator performance, and the capacity of the entire control room. It is proposed that these issues could be addressed by switching from an evolutionary design paradigm to EID. Such a paradigm shift could allow future control rooms to meet future challenges and maintain effective operation.

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“…A sociotechnical system can have multiple, interacting subsystems. Maritime control rooms can be classified as sociotechnical systems due to the interaction between trained operators and advanced technology [21][22][23][24]. As a less than optimally performing sub-system could affect the entire sociotechnical system [25], it is vital all aspects are sufficiently optimised.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Ecological Interface Design for Future ROV Capabilities in Maritime Command and Control

Fay

Stanton

Roberts

2018

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

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Future maritime command teams will process more data, a trend driven by continued technological advances and new sensors. Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) are contributing to this, as their usage is steadily growing in civilian and military contexts. A key challenge is effective integration of growing volumes of data into the command team, ensuring optimal performance for completing the variety of missions and tasks that may be required. In particular, operator cognitive capacity should not be exceeded, as this may negatively impact global team performance. A review of ROV usage revealed that they are predominately deployed to understand and interact with their environment. Ecological Interface Design (EID) aims to make system constraints apparent and reduce operator workload. As the aims of EID are synergistic with ROV operation, it is hypothesised that operator workload may be reduced if interfaces are implemented that adhere to these design principles. In the current work EID is proposed as a design paradigm for ROV UIs, to facilitate optimal future performance.

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Up periscope: understanding submarine command and control teamwork during a simulated return to periscope depth

Cited by 27 publications

References 31 publications

Distributed Cognition on the road: Using EAST to explore future road transportation systems

Distributed Cognition on the road: Using EAST to explore future road transportation systems

All at Sea with User Interfaces: From Evolutionary to Ecological Design for Submarine Combat Systems

Exploring Ecological Interface Design for Future ROV Capabilities in Maritime Command and Control

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