“…Unfortunately, several studies have shown that most commercially available root canal sealers can induce mild to severe inflammatory alteration within apical tissues (1)(2)(3)(4). Recently, our studies have shown the activation of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 (5-7), interleukin (IL)-6 (8), , heme oxygenase-1 (9), gelatinases (10), and tissue type plasminogen activators (10) might play an important role in induction of periapical destruction by root canal sealers. However, little is known about how root canal sealers influence the osteolytic mediator expression in induction of periapical bone destruction by root canal sealers.…”