Up-to-date intraoperative computer assisted solutions for liver surgery

Abstract

Computer assisted surgical planning allowed for a better selection of patients, evaluation of operative strategy, appropriate volumetric measurements, identification of anatomical risks, definition of tumour resection margins and choice of surgical approach in liver oncologic resections and living donor liver transplantations. Although preoperative computer surgical analysis has been widely used in daily clinical practice, intraoperative computer assisted solutions for risk analysis and navigation in liver surgery are not widely available or still under clinical evaluation. Computer science technology can efficiently assist modern surgeons during complex liver operations, mainly by providing image guidance with individualized 2D images and 3D models of the various anatomical and pathological structures of interest. Intraoperative computer assisted liver surgery is particularly useful in complex parenchyma-sparing hepatectomies, for intraoperative risk analysis and for the effective treatment of colorectal metastases after neoadjuvant therapy or when they are multiple. In laparoscopic liver surgery, intraoperative computer aid is definitively more important as, apart from a restricted field of view, there is also loss of the fine haptic feedback. Intraoperative computer assisted developments face challenges that prevent their application in daily clinical practice. There is a vast variety of studies regarding intraoperative computer assisted liver surgery but there are no clear objective measurements in order to compare them and select the most effective solutions. An overview of up-to-date intraoperative computer assisted solutions for liver surgery will be discussed.

Laparoscopic living‐donor hepatectomy: Review of its current status

“…6 To avoid anatomical disorientation in a laparoscopic view, augmented reality (AR) support systems are being developed but have not yet been proven to be sufficient. [75][76][77] Anatomical recognition during step 4 of a purely laparoscopic living-donor hepatectomy, and the devices used to cut vessels are the major safety concerns. A technical error might occur during this step, although the risk is very low.…”

Virtual and augmented reality: potential applications in radiology

“…Inaccurate localization may result in a less efficient procedure or unnecessary patient harm. Techniques are being developed to optimize AR image reconstruction, including overcoming respiratory motion and organ deformation (60,(92)(93)(94). In addition to accurate image localization, the device must feel like a "natural extension" of the operator's senses (95).…”

Automated surgical workflow identification by artificial intelligence in laparoscopic hepatectomy: Experimental research

“…Despite its advantages and increasing usage, LH is offered only at referral centers, with technical difficulties and the necessities for experience in both hepatobiliary and complex laparoscopic surgery hampering its widespread adoption [10]. Although preoperative computer-assisted surgical simulation, such as computed tomography volumetry, has been widely used in daily clinical practice, development of the novel intraoperative systems in computer-assisted surgery (CAS), which help surgeons to perform safer and more efficient procedures like LH, are expected [11].…”