“…Over the past several decades, the visible up-conversion (UC) luminescence of rare earth (RE) ions have received considerable attention in the fields of physics, chemistry, material science and life science because of broad potential application including UC laser and optical amplifier, solar cells, high-density memories, three-dimensional displays, biotechniques and other photonic devices. [1][2][3] Many RE ions, such as Er 3þ , Ho 3þ and Tm 3þ , have been studied to observe their UC luminescence, corresponding mechanism and applications. 4,5 Among these RE ions, the Er 3þ doping systems remain the key constituents for a majority of UC materials due to the abundant energy level for UC luminescence and high luminescent quenching concentration of Er 3þ ions.…”