Update of the WHO global air quality guidelines: Systematic reviews – An introduction

Velasco, Román Pérez; Jarosińska, Dorota

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2022.107556

Cited by 50 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The reference level chosen in this analysis was based on the guidelines in force for the years considered in this analysis. However, we note that in September 2021, new more stringent Guidelines for Air Quality were published by the WHO: annual average, 5 µg m −3 for PM 2.5 , 15 µg m −3 for PM 10 , 24 h average, 15 µg m −3 for PM 2.5 ; 45 µg m −3 for PM 10 [40,41,48]. This report underestimates the true impact of improved air quality in Kraków.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

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Health benefits to the pediatric population from reduction of ambient particulate matter in Krakow, Poland

Pac,

Majewska,

Nidecka

et al. 2024

Environ. Res. Lett.

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There have been few assessments of the health benefits to children of policies aimed at curbing fossil fuel-related air pollution. This has resulted in a lack of awareness regarding their positive impact on the health of this vulnerable population. We estimated the pediatric health benefits of policies targeting coal burning in one of Europe’s most polluted cities, Kraków, Poland. We combined available data on child health outcomes, related concentration-response functions, childhood population counts, and concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 based on city-wide air monitoring in Kraków. Two exposure reduction scenarios were examined. First, we used the observed decrease in air pollutant concentrations between 2010 and 2019. Second, we hypothesized a reduction to the annual World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guideline values issued in 2005. Between 2010 and 2019, the mean annual air pollution levels in Kraków decreased for both PM2.5 and PM10. Annual average PM2.5 concentrations declined by 39.1%, reaching 23.3 μg m−3; PM10 dropped by 39.2% to 34.6 μg m−3. These reductions in air pollution can be linked to numerous actions undertaken at local and national levels. We estimate that the forgone benefits in 2010 from not having achieved the PM levels observed in 2019 (on an annual basis) included: 505 (35.7%) fewer incident cases of asthma in the 1–14 age group, 81 fewer preterm births (16.8% decrease), 52 fewer cases of low birth weight (12.3% decrease), and 59 avoided asthma hospitalizations in 0–18 year olds. Compliance with the 2005 WHO PM2.5 guidelines in 2010 would have avoided 780 incident asthma cases in the 1–14 age group (54.5% decrease), 138 preterm births (28.3% decrease), and 90 cases of low birth weight (21.2% reduction) and 219 (54.2%) fewer asthma hospitalizations in 0–18 year olds. Large health benefits were also estimated for PM10 in both scenarios. This study estimated substantial health benefits for children in Kraków, which were largely attributable to clean air policies that restrict the use of coal and other solid fuels. Kraków provides a model for other cities in Europe and beyond that are affected by coal pollution and have high rates of preterm birth, low birth weight, and respiratory illness.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…In 2021, the WHO further lowered the annual average limits to 5 µg m −3 for PM 2.5 and 15 µg m −3 for PM 10 , and the respective 24 h limits to 15 µg m −3 and 45 µg m −3 [40,41].…”

Section: Trends In Air Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Health benefits to the pediatric population from reduction of ambient particulate matter in Krakow, Poland

Pac,

Majewska,

Nidecka

et al. 2024

Environ. Res. Lett.

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“…Air pollution encompasses greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrous oxide (NO 2 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), and fluorinated gases, along with particles such as particulate matter [9]. Sources can be indoor or outdoor and can take on many forms [9,10,48].…”

Section: Air Pollutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical influences on the skin barrier and pathogenesis of allergy

Hui-Beckman,

Leung

2023

Current Opinion in Pediatrics

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Purpose of review As the incidence of allergic conditions has increased in recent decades, the effects of climate change have been implicated. There is also increased knowledge on the effects of other physical influences, such as scratching and Staphylococcus aureus. The skin barrier is the first line of defense to the external environment, so understanding the ways that these factors influence skin barrier dysfunction is important. Recent findings Although the impact on environmental exposures has been well studied in asthma and other allergic disorders, there is now more literature on the effects of temperature, air pollution, and detergents on the skin barrier. Factors that cause skin barrier dysfunction include extreme temperatures, air pollution (including greenhouse gases and particulate matter), wildfire smoke, pollen, scratching, S. aureus, and detergents. Summary Understanding the ways that external insults affect the skin barrier is important to further understand the mechanisms in order to inform the medical community on treatment and prevention measures for atopic conditions.

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“…However, public concern about the atmospheric environment was triggered by numerous cases of secondary pollutants outbreaks, such as Los Angeles photochemical smog, etc., and the formation of more toxic secondary pollutants, such as ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN), and secondary particulate matter [12] . The new WHO(World Health Organization) air quality guidelines also highlight the health risk of secondary pollutants, such as ozone, and dramatically raise the standard of NO2, which is vital in secondary pollutants formation [13] , but the health risks of secondary pollutants are highly uncertain [14,15] . First of all, this is mainly due to the fact that the formation of secondary pollutants involves a variety of physical and chemical processes and thousands of compounds at the same time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological Effects of Secondary Air Pollutants

Xiang

Wang

et al. 2023

Chem. Res. Chin. Univ.

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S econdary air pollutants, originating from gaseous pollutants and primary particulate matter emitted by natural sources and human activities, undergo complex atmospheric chemical reactions and multiphase processes. Secondary gaseous pollutants represented by ozone and secondary particulate matter, including sulfates, nitrates, ammonium salts, and secondary organic aerosols, are formed in the atmosphere, affecting air quality and human health. This paper summarizes the formation pathways and mechanisms of important atmospheric secondary pollutants. Meanwhile, different secondary pollutants’ toxicological effects and corresponding health risks are evaluated. Studies have shown that secondary pollutants are generally more toxic than primary ones. However, due to their diverse source and complex generation mechanism, the study of the toxicological effects of secondary pollutants is still in its early stages. Therefore, this paper first introduces the formation mechanism of secondary gaseous pollutants and focuses mainly on ozone’s toxicological effects. In terms of particulate matter, secondary inorganic and organic particulate matters are summarized separately, then the contribution and toxicological effects of secondary components formed from primary carbonaceous aerosols are discussed. Finally, secondary pollutants generated in the indoor environment are briefly introduced. Overall, a comprehensive review of secondary air pollutants may shed light on the future toxicological and health effects research of secondary air pollutants.

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Update of the WHO global air quality guidelines: Systematic reviews – An introduction

Cited by 50 publications

References 30 publications

Health benefits to the pediatric population from reduction of ambient particulate matter in Krakow, Poland

Health benefits to the pediatric population from reduction of ambient particulate matter in Krakow, Poland

Physical influences on the skin barrier and pathogenesis of allergy

Toxicological Effects of Secondary Air Pollutants

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