Update of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in Pregnant and Non-pregnant Patients

Ramírez-Lozada, Tito; Espinosa-Hernández, Víctor Manuel; Frías-De-León, María Guadalupe; Martínez‐Herrera, Erick

doi:10.1007/s12281-019-00357-3

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Out of the cultures of the 83 cervicovaginal samples, bacterial colonies were observed in 45 (54.2%), yeast-like colonies developed in 16 (19.3%) (7, 12, 21, 23, 26, 29, 35, 38, 43, 45 , 54, 61, 67, 70, 72, 74), and in 22 (26.5%) no development of microorganisms was observed (Table 3). Regarding the 16 yeast isolates, 12 (75.0%) developed germ tubes (7,12,21,23,26,29,35,43,45,61,72,74), suggestive of the species C. albicans, while 4 (25%) corresponded to Candida non-albicans (Figure 1a). Similarly, amplification with Cand oligonucleotides generated an 850 bp amplicon in 12 samples, while an amplicon of 1000 bp was obtained in the four remaining samples, which corresponds to the identification of the species C. albicans and C. glabrata, respectively (Figure 1b).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Colonization has been described as the presence of Candida in the intact vaginal tract of immunocompetent individuals that are generally unrelated to symptoms and when colonization progresses to infection frequently manifests by vaginal itching, burning, pain, dysuria, flushing, dyspareunia, and vaginal discharge (Chatzivasileiou and Vyzantiadis). On the other hand, it is known that any alteration in the vaginal microbiota can lead to an increase in proinflammatory cytokines with induction of the inflammatory cascade and adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm labor, premature rupture of membranes, preeclampsia, spontaneous abortion, restriction in the fetal growth, low birth weight, fetal death and neonatal sepsis [6,10,12,13,18,19,23,24,28,29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even though the Center for Disease Control (CDC) recommendations for first-line treatment for vulvovaginal candidiasis is fluconazole, in our study, C. glabrata species were not sensitive to this antifungal. [7] Finally, as a secondary analysis, the number of patients who tested positive for bacteria (54.2%) draws attention; this will be the subject of another study, considering the same perinatal complications, since it is described that the presence of C. albicans in the vagina can generate dysbiosis due to the presence of virulence factors, as well as the production of proteolytic enzymes that alter vaginal immunity [1,18,23,29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Candida Vaginal Colonization in Pregnancy and Its Perinatal Impact: Cause, Effect or Coincidence?

Ramírez-Lozada,

Pérez-Serna,

Pinto-Almazán

et al. 2023

Preprint

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In the vaginal ecosystem there is a symbiotic relationship between the microbiota and the host, particularly Candida spp., which are considered commensals of the vaginal mucosa. During pregnancy there is an increase in hormonal secretion that alters the vaginal microbiota and favors the development of Candida infection. Several studies have shown the increased prevalence of Candida during pregnancy, as well as its association with perinatal complications and current clinical practice guidelines recommend fluconazole as the treatment of choice during pregnancy in case of infection by Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida. However, in the Mexican population, this association has not been studied. So in this study, an intentional search for colonization by Candida spp. in pregnant women who attended the obstetric triage of the Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca during the period from May to October 2019, and they were followed up until the end of the pregnancy. Data on age, number of pregnancies, gestational age, body mass index, and perinatal outcomes were analyzed. Of 83 patients included in the study, yeasts corre-sponding to C. albicans (12) and C. glabrata (4) were isolated in 16. In the group of patients with Candida, the maternal age range was from 15 to 36 years old, of which 7 were adolescents and 2 with advanced maternal age, with an average of 2 gestations, the range of body mass index was from 19.3 to 42.4, of which 4 were overweight and 7 obese. Perinatal complications were observed in three patients, one presented chorioamnionitis and in two the neonates were small for gestational age. No association was found between colonization by Candida spp. and the number of preg-nancies, gestational age, body mass index or perinatal results. However, it was found that age (adolescence) may be a risk factor for the development of vulvovaginitis during pregnancy.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Candida Vaginal Colonization in Pregnancy and Its Perinatal Impact: Cause, Effect or Coincidence?

Ramírez-Lozada,

Pérez-Serna,

Pinto-Almazán

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Most individuals show no symptoms of illness, particularly in cases of minor or severe infections. [18]. In chronic infections, women feel abdominal pain, burning during urination, itching, and yellowish-greenish smelly vaginal discharge [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida albicans alongside with pathogenic bacteria in kirkuk females

Monther,

Aziz Tawfeeq,

Abbas Ali

2024

NTU-JPS

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Vulvovaginitis is one of the commonest reproductive tract infections in women worldwide. There are three types of infectious :vaginitis including, bacterial vaginosis ,valvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis. During the period from December 2021 to April 2022 in the Women conduct Children Hospital in Al-Nasr neighborhood and in private outpatient clinics in Kirkuk city in Iraq. The number of specimens examined was 160 samples(106from healthy and 54from infected women) and the ages ranged between (14-50) years. After the pairs swabs were taken, the direct examination and staining and culturing on the different culture media to diagnose many pathogenic microorganism (bacteria spp, candida spp, trichomonas vaginalis parasite). Trichomoniasis was detected by wet and stained smears and culture . Bacterial infection was confirmed by Nugent scoring method after Gram staining and culture . Candidiasis was identified by direct examination and culturing on both Sabouraud dextrose agar and Chromagar medium. The bacterial and candida diagnosis conforming by vitex-2 system. From the54 sample positive, the commonest organisms was bacteria (33.75%gram negative and gram positive 31.25%), followed by Candida species 14.37%, Trichomniasis as 5%, and mixed infection with these three agents in 17.5%. the commonest organisms was bacteria (100%gram negative and 92.59%), followed by Candida species 42.59%, Trichomniasis as 14.81%, and mixed infection with these three agents in 51.85%.E. coli 15(27.77%) and staph. aureus 16(32%) was the major bacteria isolate and candida albicans(13.12%) was the major of candida spp. isolate. And the results of the relationship of Vulvovaginitis with the age showed that incidence of infection was high among females age group(36-45years) 20(12.5%) . This study conclude that, bacterial vaginosis compile high percentage among women with vaginal discharge. It can be present alone or along with candidiasis while rare cases record a combined infection of bacterial vaginosis along with trichomoniasis and both candidiasis and trichomoniasis may be as secondary infection that enhanced after bacterial vaginosis.

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“…The cause of RVVC is thought to be multifactorial and the mechanism behind the resistance to antifungal medications is not well known (6). Genetic susceptibility reduced mannose-binding lectin and host exaggerated inflammatory response are suggested theories of recurrence, however, a tool to control the host mucosal reaction still does not exist (5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The efficacy of the boric acid-based maintenance therapy in preventing recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis

Kalkan¹,

Yassa²,

Sandal³

et al. 2021

J Exp Clin Med

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Current gold-standard treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) is mainly based on maintenance with fluconazole. Moderate to high recurrence rates at long-term use and secondary fluconazole resistance emerge as reasons to seek for new topical maintenance regimens. In this study, it is aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of boric acid-based treatment approach to treat clinical RVVC. In this retrospective study, patients who were diagnosed with RVVC received a treatment package for six months that consist of induction with boric acid vaginal suppositories 600 mg daily for 14 nights followed by maintenance for five nights starting with every fifth day of the menstrual cycles; a vaginal estriol-lactobacilli combination; and several rigorous life-style changes. The success was defined as the absence of symptomatic recurrence during the follow-up. Success rate at the first year was found to be 94.8% in a total of 173 patients. Mild, reversible side effects were observed in five patients (2.9%). Boric acid, along with a vaginal estriol-lactobacilli combination and lifestyle changes can be a safe and effective alternative in lieu of potent systemic antifungal drugs as a first-line treatment for the patients referred with RVVC.

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Update of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in Pregnant and Non-pregnant Patients

Cited by 5 publications

References 56 publications

Candida Vaginal Colonization in Pregnancy and Its Perinatal Impact: Cause, Effect or Coincidence?

Candida Vaginal Colonization in Pregnancy and Its Perinatal Impact: Cause, Effect or Coincidence?

Evaluation of Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida albicans alongside with pathogenic bacteria in kirkuk females

The efficacy of the boric acid-based maintenance therapy in preventing recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis

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