Update on central function relevant to sex: remodeling the basis of drug treatments for sex and the brain

Heaton, Jeremy P.W.; Adams, Michael

doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3901069

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Natural rewards are highly controlled by feedback mechanisms, which may lead to a quicker return to “baseline” by promoting (for example) an aversion to engaging in the same rewarding activity immediately after the pleasant stimulation (Small, Zatorre, Dagher, Evans, and Jones-Gotman 2001). For example, the building-up of sexual desire often precedes a sexual act (e.g., Heaton and Adams 2003), after which it quickly decreases and then takes time to recover its initial level of intensity. Addictive stimulants, on the other hand, often rebuild high levels of desire immediately after drug consumption (e.g., Nestler 2005).…”

Section: What About Differences?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Addicted to Love: What Is Love Addiction and When Should It Be Treated?

Earp¹,

Wudarczyk²,

Foddy³

et al. 2017

Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology

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Recent research suggests that romantic love can be literally addictive. Although the exact nature of the relationship between love and addiction has been described in inconsistent terms throughout the literature, we offer a framework that distinguishes between a narrow view and a broad view of love addiction. The narrow view counts only the most extreme, harmful forms of love or loverelated behaviors as being potentially addictive in nature. The broad view, by contrast, counts even basic social attachment as being on a spectrum of addictive motivations, underwritten by similar neurochemical processes as more conventional addictions. We argue that on either understanding of love-as-addiction, treatment decisions should hinge on considerations of harm and well-being rather than on definitions of disease. Implications for the ethical use of anti-love biotechnology are considered.

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Section: What About Differences?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Addicted to Love: What Is Love Addiction and When Should It Be Treated?

Earp¹,

Wudarczyk²,

Foddy³

et al. 2017

Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology

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“…Many neurophysiological studies showed that both male and female urethrogenital reflex is controlled in part by the spinal cord, and by inhibitory and excitatory influence of supraspinal sites, including the nucleus paragigantocellularis, the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and the medial preoptic area (e.g., Heaton & Adams, 2003;Holstege, 2005;Mah & Binik, 2001;McKenna, 1999;Rowland, 2006). Because there has been very little research on orgasm in female animals, no clear gender differences have been reported in animal models (Giuliano et al, 2001;McKenna, 1999;Meston et al, 2004).…”

Section: Gender Differences In Human Orgasmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(e.g., Bancroft et al, 2003;Basson, 2000;Heaton & Adams, 2003;Kaplan, 1974Kaplan, , 1979Mah & Binik, 2005;Masters & Johnson, 1966;Meston et al, 2004;Whipple & Brash-McGreer, 1997). By specifying the brain areas involved in these mechanisms, contemporary neuroimaging studies throw considerable light on brain activity related to woman's orgasm, as it has been done previously in men (such as Graber, Rohrbaugh, Newlin, Varner, & Ellingson, 1985;Heath, 1972;Heaton & Adams, 2003;Holstege, 2005;Holstege & Georgiardis, 2004;Holstege et al, 2003;McKenna, 1999;Mosovich & Tallaferro, 1954;Rowland, 2006;Tiihonen et al, 1994). This is of particular importance in the field of neuropsychology where patients who suffer from a brain injury may have impaired or affected orgasms.…”

Section: Functional Brain Imaging In Healthy Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because the neuropharmacology, neuro-endocrinology and the spinal-driven components of orgasm have been addressed in depth previously (e.g., Argiolas & Melis, 2003;Heaton & Adams, 2003;Levin, 1981;Mah & Binik, 2001;McKenna, 1999McKenna, , 2002Meston et al, 2004;Rowland, 2006), we will not review them in the present article. Rather, our article aims to examine and provide a critical review of the current knowledge about the cerebral network of woman's orgasm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toward an understanding of the cerebral substrates of woman's orgasm

Bianchi‐Demicheli

Ortigue

2007

Neuropsychologia

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The way women experience orgasm is of interest to scientists, clinicians, and laypeople. Whereas the origin and the function of a woman's orgasm remains controversial, the current models of sexual function acknowledge a combined role of central (spinal and cerebral) and peripheral processes during orgasm experience. At the central level, although it is accepted that the spinal cord drives orgasm, the cerebral involvement and cognitive representation of a woman's orgasm has not been extensively investigated. Important gaps in our knowledge remain. Recently, the astonishing advances of neuroimaging techniques applied in parallel with a neuropsychological approach allowed the unravelling of specific functional neuroanatomy of a woman's orgasm. Here, clinical and experimental findings on the cortico-subcortical pathway of a woman's orgasm are reviewed and compared with the neural basis of a man's orgasm. By defining the specific brain areas that sustain the assumed higherorder representation of a woman's orgasm, this review provides a foundation for future studies. The next challenge of functional imaging and neuropsychological studies is to understand the hierarchical interactions between these multiple cortical areas, not only with a correlation analysis but also with high spatio-temporal resolution techniques demonstrating the causal necessity, the temporal time course and the direction of the causality. Further studies using a multi-disciplinary approach are needed to identify the spatio-temporal dynamic of a woman's orgasm, its dysfunctions and possible new treatments.

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“…The mechanisms of AP-SD remain largely unclear, and current theories derive mainly from studies of general sex physiology and psycho-pharmacology. The responses of various sexual components are under the control of numerous central and peripheral neural systems [7,8]. It has been postulated that a direct dopamine D2 receptor antagonist effect of antipsychotics may be the primary central mechanism, along with some indirect neuroendocrine factors, such as elevated prolactin levels [9].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%