Update on diagnosis and management of refractory corneal infections

Agarwal, Shweta; Khan, Tanveer A.; Vanathi, Murugesan; Srinivasan, Bhaskar; Iyer, Geetha; Tandon, Radhika

doi:10.4103/ijo.ijo_2273_21

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 175 publications

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“…In developing nations, it continues to be a leading cause of blindness. Common causal culprits include Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, both of which are known to form biofilm populations on the corneal surface [47,48].…”

Section: Clinical Implication Of Biofilmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medical Scope of Biofilm and Quorum Sensing during Biofilm Formation: Systematic Review

Erkihun,

Asmare,

Endalamew

et al. 2024

Bacteria

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Biofilms are accumulations of microorganisms in an extracellular polymeric substance matrix which are composed of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Many bacteria can switch between a planktonic form and a biofilm form. The planktonic bacteria have relatively high cell growth and reproduction rates and have a reduced likelihood of survival but can adapt to occupy new habitats. The biofilm state appears to be a natural and predominant state of bacteria. The need for the formation of bacterial biofilm is that it enhances the tolerance of bacteria to harsh environmental conditions, thereby allowing bacteria to avoid being washed away by water flow or the bloodstream by simply attaching to a surface or tissue, and the EPS matrix protects bacteria cells, in deeper layers, against antimicrobial agents, probably by limiting the diffusion of these agents. Biofilm formation steps are initial contact/attachment to the surface, followed by micro-colony formation, maturation and formation of the architecture of the biofilm, and finally detachment/dispersion of the biofilm. Once formed, biofilm restricts bacterial mobility and increases cell density. Secretions of autoinducers into the environment are critical for cross-signaling between bacteria. This cross-talk is called quorum sensing (QS). Quorum sensing is a cell–cell communication mechanism between bacteria that allows specific processes to be controlled, such as biofilm formation and virulence factor expression. Bacterial quorum sensing signaling mainly consists of acyl-homoserine lactones (produced by Gram-negatives), autoinducing peptides (produced by Gram-positives), and autoinducer-2 (produced by both Gram-negatives and Gram-positives). Therefore, this review is aimed at how bacterial biofilms work and are formed.

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Section: Clinical Implication Of Biofilmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medical Scope of Biofilm and Quorum Sensing during Biofilm Formation: Systematic Review

Erkihun,

Asmare,

Endalamew

et al. 2024

Bacteria

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“…46 Fluoroquinolones are another drug class used extensively in treating bacterial keratitis. 61 These drugs have been used in treating CAK, although support for this practice is somewhat lacking. One study 25 compared 46 patients receiving gatifloxacin or moxifloxacin with 28 patients receiving vancomycin.…”

Section: Topical Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cutibacterium (Formerly Propionibacterium) acnes Keratitis: A Review

Ashby

Johnson

Castillo-Ronquillo

et al. 2023

Eye &Amp; Contact Lens: Science &Amp; Clinical Practice

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Infectious keratitis is a devastating cause of vision loss worldwide. Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes), a commensal bacterium of the skin and ocular surface, is an underrecognized but important cause of bacterial keratitis. This review presents the most comprehensive and up-todate information for clinicians regarding the risk factors, incidence, diagnosis, management, and prognosis of C. acnes keratitis (CAK). Risk factors are similar to those of general bacterial keratitis and include contact lens use, past ocular surgery, and trauma. The incidence of CAK may be approximately 10%, ranging from 5% to 25% in growth-positive cultures. Accurate diagnosis requires anaerobic blood agar and a long incubation period ($7 days). Typical clinical presentation includes small (,2 mm) ulcerations with deep stromal infiltrate causing an anterior chamber cell reaction. Small, peripheral lesions are usually resolved, and patients recover a high visual acuity. Severe infections causing VA of 20/200 or worse are common and often do not significantly improve even after treatment. Vancomycin is considered the most potent antibiotic against CAK, although other antibiotics such as moxifloxacin and ceftazidime are more commonly used as first-line treatment.

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“…It is a severe ulcer that heals poorly, does not react to the targeted medical therapy, and may potentially become worsened despite receiving therapy continuously for three days to one week [5] .…”

Section: Resistant Infective Corneal Ulcermentioning

confidence: 99%

Amniotic membrane use for resistant infectious and non-infectious corneal ulcer

El-Shorbagy,

Allam,

Maghraby

et al. 2023

Int. J. Med. Ophthalmol.

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In corneal ulcers, amniotic membrane (AM) is utilised for supporting damaged tissues, shield and protect deficiencies from further deterioration or breakdown from external influences and encourage re-cellularization of the cornea. Anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic effects, as well as an antimicrobial impact and the encouragement of epithelial and stromal repair are some of the qualities possessed by amniotic membrane. Surgical grafting to the ocular surface, non-surgical patching with a carriage device, amniotic membrane extract eye drops (AMEED), amniotic membrane with umbilical cord blood, and amniotic membrane with placental fluid are certain uses and techniques for utilising AM in corneal ulcers and corneal epithelial deficiencies.

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Update on diagnosis and management of refractory corneal infections

Cited by 11 publications

References 175 publications

Medical Scope of Biofilm and Quorum Sensing during Biofilm Formation: Systematic Review

Medical Scope of Biofilm and Quorum Sensing during Biofilm Formation: Systematic Review

Cutibacterium (Formerly Propionibacterium) acnes Keratitis: A Review

Amniotic membrane use for resistant infectious and non-infectious corneal ulcer

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