Update on immunotherapy‐mediated colitis: Clinical features, mechanisms, and management

Abstract

Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has radically transformed the field of oncological therapy. However, immune‐related adverse events (irAEs) associated with the treatment might affect the life quality and even threaten the life of cancer patients. Immunotherapy‐mediated colitis (IMC) is one of the most prevalent irAEs, especially in anti‐cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 antibody (CTLA4) therapy. Current management of IMC includes administering immunosuppressants and discontinuing the treatment, which might affect the therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we briefly summarize the development of ICIs in cancer immunotherapy and the incidence, diagnosis, and management of IMC. Recent insights into the cellular and molecular pathways that underpin IMC, perspective research, and promising therapeutic strategies are highlighted. Further understanding of IMC and its implications will assist clinicians in optimizing treatment strategies to mitigate this side effect while maximizing the benefits of ICIs.