Update on malaria

Varo, Rosauro; Chaccour, Carlos; Bassat, Quique

doi:10.1016/j.medcle.2020.05.024

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Moreover, PMNS also occur after P. vivax infection for which mefloquine is not used. These observations cast doubt on an association or causative effect for mefloquine and PMNS [ 16 ]. It worthy of note that mefloquine was not administered in most of the cases reported cases including [ 12 , 16 , 23 , 26 , 39 , 42 , 43 , 48 – 50 and 56 ].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These observations cast doubt on an association or causative effect for mefloquine and PMNS [ 16 ]. It worthy of note that mefloquine was not administered in most of the cases reported cases including [ 12 , 16 , 23 , 26 , 39 , 42 , 43 , 48 – 50 and 56 ]. It is worthy of note that as much as half of the P. falciparum patients reported had received a range of treatments (including artemisinin-based combination therapy).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cerebral malaria is the most severe of all the forms of severe malaria with a high mortality as malaria remains a public health issue [ 16 , 17 ]. The mortality has decreased significantly with effective anti-malarial medications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Post-malarial neurological syndrome in a Gambian adult residing in the Gambia: a case report and a review of literature

Ekeh,

Bah,

Jobe

et al. 2023

Malar J

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Background Post malarial neurological syndrome (PMNS) occurs as a sequel of cerebral malaria which is the most deadly form of severe malaria. In holo-endemic regions (areas of high malarial transmission) all forms of severe malaria as well as cerebral malaria usually occur in children and those who are semi or non-immune like pregnant women, migrants as well as tourists. It also occurs in hypo-endemic regions (areas of limited malarial transmission with low immunity) and malaria- free zones. Survivors however may have neurologic complications after recovery. PMNS has been reported in many parts of the world. Being a sequel to cerebral malaria, it is uncommon in adults who were born and reside in a holo-endemic region all their lives. Case report This is the case of an 18 year old Gambian who has lived in The Gambia all his life that had PMNS five days after recovery from cerebral malaria. Methods This was a predominantly web based literature search. The search comprise all case reports, original articles and reviews on PMNS or neurological deficits associated with malaria or noted after malaria infection. The search engines used were Google, Yahoo and Google scholar. Results A total of 62 papers were found. These were used for this review of the literature. Conclusion Cerebral malaria also occurs in adults in holo-endemic areas though rare and some of the survivors may develop PMNS. It is commoner in the youth age group. There is need for further studies since the youth may be a possible new ‘vulnerable group’ in holoendemic areas. This may lead to the widening the targeted group for malaria control in the regions of high malarial transmission.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Post-malarial neurological syndrome in a Gambian adult residing in the Gambia: a case report and a review of literature

Ekeh,

Bah,

Jobe

et al. 2023

Malar J

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“…This results in the ending of the mosquito cycle, which takes about 9–14 days. Finally, the sporozoites migrate to the salivary glands, ready for being inoculated into another bloodstream when the mosquito gets another blood meal, thus completing the malaria life cycle [ 33 ]. P. ovale and P. vivax have different life cycles because some of the sporozoites do not multiply in the liver stage and develop into schizonts, but are rather concealed within the liver becoming hypnozoites which cause relapse years later after the time of first infection [ 34 , 35 ].…”

Section: Malaria and Its Parasite Life Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in the Therapeutic Efficacy of Artesunate

2022

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Artesunate, a semisynthetic artemisinin derivative, is well-known and used as the first-line drug for treating malaria. Apart from treating malaria, artesunate has also been found to have biological activity against a variety of cancers and viruses. It also exhibits antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerosis, immunosuppressive activities, etc. During its administration, artesunate can be loaded in liposomes, alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents. Administration routes include intragastrical, intravenous, oral, and parenteral. The biological activity of artesunate is based on its ability to regulate some biological pathways. This manuscript reports a critical review of the recent advances in the therapeutic efficacy of artesunate.

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“…In 2020, there were an estimated 241 million cases and 627,000 deaths across the world (9). Children under 5 years of age are the most affected in population, representing approximately 60% of deaths in the globe (10). The parasite in question induces pronounced and varied splenic responses (11), modifying the organ's size, architecture, and cellular composition (12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-dimensional intravital microscopy reveals major changes in splenic immune system during postnatal development

Porto-Pedrosa

Miranda²,

Lopes³

et al. 2022

Front. Immunol.

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Spleen is a key organ for immunologic surveillance, acting as a firewall for antigens and parasites that spread through the blood. However, how spleen leukocytes evolve across the developmental phase, and how they spatially organize and interact in vivo is still poorly understood. Using a novel combination of selected antibodies and fluorophores to image in vivo the spleen immune environment, we described for the first time the dynamics of immune development across postnatal period. We found that spleens from adults and infants had similar numbers and arrangement of lymphoid cells. In contrast, splenic immune environment in newborns is sharply different from adults in almost all parameters analysed. Using this in vivo approach, B cells were the most frequent subtype throughout the development. Also, we revealed how infections – using a model of malaria - can change the spleen immune profile in adults and infants, which could become the key to understanding different severity grades of infection. Our new imaging solutions can be extremely useful for different groups in all areas of biological investigation, paving a way for new intravital approaches and advances.

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Update on malaria

Cited by 20 publications

References 53 publications

Post-malarial neurological syndrome in a Gambian adult residing in the Gambia: a case report and a review of literature

Post-malarial neurological syndrome in a Gambian adult residing in the Gambia: a case report and a review of literature

Recent Advances in the Therapeutic Efficacy of Artesunate

High-dimensional intravital microscopy reveals major changes in splenic immune system during postnatal development

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