Update on Marine Carbohydrate Hydrolyzing Enzymes: Biotechnological Applications

Abstract

After generating much interest in the past as an aid in solving structural problems for complex molecules such as polysaccharides, carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes of marine origin still appear as interesting biocatalysts for a range of useful applications in strong interdisciplinary fields such as green chemistry and similar domains. The multifaceted fields in which these enzymes are of interest and the scarce number of original articles in literature prompted us to provide the specialized analysis here reported. General considerations from modern (2016–2017 interval time) review articles are at start of this manuscript; then it is subsequently organized in sections according to particular biopolymers and original research articles are discussed. Literature sources like the Science Direct database with an optimized W/in search, and the Espacenet patent database were used.

Effect of biosurfactant derived from Vibrio natriegens MK3 against Vibrio harveyi biofilm and virulence

“…This indicates that they have developed various structural and metabolic changes that enable them to accommodate for the effects of the adverse condition . Furthermore, metabolites from these marine microorganisms are categorized by renowned features, such as halo tolerance, thermostability, barophilicity, and flexibility to cold, entirely connected to their habitation . Hence, the present study was focused on evaluating the biosurfactant‐producing potential of marine bacteria.…”

Pretreatment methods for lignocellulosic biofuels production: current advances, challenges and future prospects

“…Fungi and bacteria are capable of biologically pretreating lignocellulosic biomass by modifying its structure and degrading it into simpler substrates for ligninolytic enzyme digestion. Cellulose and hemicellulose are normally hydrolyzed in biological pretreatment to monomeric sugars using cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic microorganisms (Sharma et In addition to microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi, there are other organisms which could be used for biological pretreatment of biomass including insects (Varelas and Langton, 2017), worms (Devi et al, 2019), and gastropods (Trincone, 2018). Such macro-organisms are equipped with various mechanisms ranging from mechanical, enzymatic, gut flora and/or combo with certain physiological functions for the breakdown of cellulosic biomass.…”

Biotechnology Potential of Marine Fungi Degrading Plant and Algae Polymeric Substrates

“…The capability of metabolic utilization of plant or macroalgae polysaccharides allows for an increase in the production of fungal biomass enriched by mycelium proteins and extracellular enzymes that can be used in animal or fish feeding, or in the bioremediation of soils and water (Supplementary Table 1 ). The unique properties of CAZymes from the marine fungi are important for biotechnology because of their ability to function at the high salinity and pH, low water potential, high sodium ion concentrations, extremely low or high temperature, oligotrophic nutrient conditions, and the high hydrostatic pressure in comparison with the enzymes of terrestrial fungi that are mostly cultivated at pH 4.5–6.0 and low salinity (≤0.05%) ( Raghukumar, 2008 ; Farinas et al, 2010 ; Pang et al, 2011 ; Zilly et al, 2011 ; Arfi et al, 2013 ; Del-Cid et al, 2014 ; Lee et al, 2015 ; Thirunavukkarasu et al, 2015 ; Dos Santos et al, 2016 ; Trincone, 2018 ).…”

“…Macroalgae may contain plant-specific cellulose and xylan as well as a range of unusual polymers for land organism such as alginates, fucans/fucoidans, laminarins (brown algae), agar/agarose, carrageenan (red algae), and ulvan (green algae), many of which are sulfated and include monomers of fucose and uronic acids. Thus, algal polysaccharides are more diverse that require additional catalytic mechanisms or metabolic pathways to their fermentation ( Vera et al, 2011 ; Abdallah et al, 2016 ; Garcia-Vaquero et al, 2017 ; Trincone, 2018 ).…”

“…The cell walls of marine red algae have a complex texture due to the content of cellulose, xylan, or mannan fibrils and matrix polysaccharides, including the economically important sulfated galactans such as carrageenan and agar used for the bioethanol production ( Table 1 and Figure 1 ). However, many of them need to be enzymatically pretreated before their use ( Synytsya et al, 2015 ; Abdallah et al, 2016 ; Trincone, 2018 ). The main storage polysaccharide in the brown seaweeds is laminarin formed by 1,3-β-glucans with β-1,6-branching and different reducing endings with mannitol or glucose residues ( Table 1 and Figure 1 ).…”