Update on prevalence and distribution pattern of tick-borne diseases among humans in India: a review

Negi, Tripti; Kandari, L. S.; Arunachalam, A.

doi:10.1007/s00436-021-07114-x

Cited by 21 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…The infection rate of A. phagocytophilum in yaks (29.4%) in this study was higher than that reported in sheep (9.9%), dairy cattle (12%), and white yaks (5.3%) in other areas of China ( 1 , 13 , 37 ), and lower than that in C. pygargus (33.3%) from Heilongjiang China ( 17 ). Since the first case of HGA, caused by A. phagocytophilum , was reported in Anhui, China ( 38 ), HGA has been reported in the USA, Europe, Africa, and Asia ( 11 , 39 , 40 ). For A. bovis , the infection rate in yaks (33.3%) was higher than that in cattle (4.8%) and white yaks (6.2%) from China ( 16 , 37 ), cattle (1.0%) from South Korea ( 20 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Four Anaplasma Species With Veterinary and Public Health Significance Identified in Tibetan Sheep (Ovis aries) and Yaks (Bos grunniens) in Qinghai, China

et al. 2021

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Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) can cause serious economic losses and are very important to animal and public health. To date, research on TBDs has been limited in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. This epidemiological investigation was conducted to evaluate the distribution and risk factors of Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia chaffeensis in livestock in Qinghai. A total of 566 blood samples, including 330 yaks (Bos grunniens) and 236 Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) were screened. Results showed that A. bovis (33.3%, 110/330) and A. phagocytophilum (29.4%, 97/330) were most prevalent in yaks, followed by A. ovis (1.2%, 4/330), A. capra (0.6%, 2/330), and E. chaffeensis (0.6%, 2/330). While A. ovis (80.9%, 191/236) and A. bovis (5.1%, 12/236) infection was identified in Tibetan sheep. To our knowledge, it is the first time that A. capra and E. chaffeensis have been detected in yaks in China. Apart from that, we also found that co-infection of A. bovis and A. phagocytophilum is common in yaks (28.2%, 93/330). For triple co-infection, two yaks were infected with A. bovis, A. phagocytophilum, and A. capra, and two yaks were infected with A. bovis, A. phagocytophilum, and E. chaffeensis. Risk analysis shows that infection with A. bovis, A. phagocytophilum, and A. ovis was related to region and altitude. This study provides new data on the prevalence of Anaplasma spp. and E. chaffeensis in Qinghai, China, which may help to develop new strategies for active responding to these pathogens.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Four Anaplasma Species With Veterinary and Public Health Significance Identified in Tibetan Sheep (Ovis aries) and Yaks (Bos grunniens) in Qinghai, China

et al. 2021

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“…The diagnosis was confirmed by identification of Babesia on thin blood smear but the species was not identified. Antigen tests for Plasmodia were negative [22,23].…”

Section: Indiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…B. divergens is found most commonly in Europe [2,5]. Cases of babesiosis have been sporadically reported in Australia [13], Bolivia [14], Brazil [15], Canada [16,17], the Canary Islands [18], Colombia [19], Ecuador [20], Egypt [21], India [22,23], Japan [24], Korea [25,26], Mexico [27], Mongolia [28], Mozambique [8], South Africa [29], Taiwan [30], and Turkey [31] (Table 2). Colors distinguish the etiologic agents: Babesia crassa-like agent (gray), Babesia duncani (orange), Babesia divergens (blue), Babesia microti (red), Babesia motasi (black), and Babesia venatorum (green).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Global Emergence of Human Babesiosis

2021

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Babesiosis is an emerging tick-borne disease caused by intraerythrocytic protozoa that are primarily transmitted by hard-bodied (Ixodid) ticks and rarely through blood transfusion, perinatally, and organ transplantation. More than 100 Babesia species infect a wide spectrum of wild and domestic animals worldwide and six have been identified as human pathogens. Babesia microti is the predominant species that infects humans, is found throughout the world, and causes endemic disease in the United States and China. Babesia venatorum and Babesia crassa-like agent also cause endemic disease in China. Babesia divergens is the predominant species in Europe where fulminant cases have been reported sporadically. The number of B. microti infections has been increasing globally in recent decades. In the United States, more than 2000 cases are reported each year, although the actual number is thought to be much higher. In this review of the epidemiology of human babesiosis, we discuss epidemiologic tools used to monitor disease location and frequency; demographics and modes of transmission; the location of human babesiosis; the causative Babesia species in the Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia; the primary clinical characteristics associated with each of these infections; and the increasing global health burden of this disease.

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“…Here, a 51-year-old male presented in a private hospital with fever, loss of appetite and vomiting, with Babesia morphologically identified from smears taken after antibiotics failed to treat the patients' symptoms. Antigen testing for Plasmodia was negative, which showed that the patient was not affected by malaria [35,59]. As the patient did not have any exposure to tick bites, nor any history of visiting Babesia endemic areas, an unknown indigenous source of infection was assumed, which in itself warrants further investigation.…”

Section: Other Countriesmentioning

confidence: 93%

A Review of Zoonotic Babesiosis as an Emerging Public Health Threat in Asia

Hussain

Aziz

et al. 2021

Pathogens

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Zoonotic babesiosis poses a serious health risk in many parts of the world. Its emergence in Asia is thus a cause for significant concern, demanding that appropriate control measures are implemented to suppress its spread in this region. This study focuses on zoonotic Babesia species reported in Asia, offering an extensive review of those species reported in animals and humans. We reported 11 studies finding zoonotic Babesia species in animals and 16 in humans. In China, the most prevalent species was found to be Babesia microti, reported in both humans (n = 10) and wild and domesticated animals (n = 4). In Korea, only two studies reported human babesiosis, with a further two studies reporting Babesia microti in wild animals. Babesia microti was also reported in wild animal populations in Thailand and Japan, with evidence of human case reports also found in Singapore, Mongolia and India. This is the first review to report zoonotic babesiosis in humans and animals in Asia, highlighting concerns for future public health in this region. Further investigations of zoonotic species of Babesia in animal populations are required to confirm the actual zoonotic threat of babesiosis in Asia, as well as its possible transmission routes.

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Update on prevalence and distribution pattern of tick-borne diseases among humans in India: a review

Cited by 21 publications

References 117 publications

Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Four Anaplasma Species With Veterinary and Public Health Significance Identified in Tibetan Sheep (Ovis aries) and Yaks (Bos grunniens) in Qinghai, China

Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Four Anaplasma Species With Veterinary and Public Health Significance Identified in Tibetan Sheep (Ovis aries) and Yaks (Bos grunniens) in Qinghai, China

The Global Emergence of Human Babesiosis

A Review of Zoonotic Babesiosis as an Emerging Public Health Threat in Asia

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