Update on the Development of JP-8+100

Edwards, Tim; Harrison, William; Zabarnick, Steven; DeWitt, Matthew J.; Bentz, C.

doi:10.2514/6.2004-3886

Cited by 16 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In addition, these two main impact factors caused 4 the coking peak at different temperature for variety fuels. Edwards T et al 10,11 researched the coking process of the fuel and found that for most hydrocarbon fuels, thermal oxidation coking happens in the temperature range of 150℃ to 450℃ and thermal cracking coking could not be ignored when the fuel temperature is higher than 450℃.Besides, the exact temperature of coking processing varies based on the variety of hydrocarbon fuel. J. S. Chin et al 12,13 found the different results that the coking deposition rates increase continuously with the enhancement of the wall temperature and an empirical equation were obtained to predict the deposition rate with wall temperature, fuel temperature and Reynolds number.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Thermal and Element Analyses for Supercritical RP-3 Surface Coke Deposition under Stable and Vibration Conditions

Tao

et al. 2015

Energy Fuels

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Surface coke deposition mechanism on the supercritical aviation kerosene RP-3 was studied under stable and vibration conditions. The flowing RP-3 kerosene is pressurized to 5MPa, and heated from 400K to 723K in a stainless tube (I.D. =1.8mm, O.D. =2.2 mm, Length=1800mm) with a constant heat flux. The experimental mass flow rate is fixed at 3g/s (1180kg/ (m 2 s)) and the working fuel flows downward through the test tube. One-hour stable, one-hour with 600Hz vibration and long-duration with 566Hz vibration tube jam experiments were performed. The two vibration frequencies are close to the main frequencies of the combustion chamber vibration when it works. Flow resistance, heat transfer characteristics, coking amount and component analysis were compared between stable and vibration conditions. The results indicate that vibration can affect the coking distribution much more uniformly and extend the tube working time. Also, vibration inhibits the exponential growth of flow resistance by changing coke formation compared with the stable condition. Three obvious regions for heat transfer are considered during the long-duration vibration experiments. For coking elements analysis, trace elements of Cu have more apparent catalytic effects under vibration conditions. The elements Fe and Cr have higher content in the downstream section of the tube due to crushing caused by vibration. Nomenclature D diameter (m) f vibration frequency (Hz) h heat transfer coefficient (W m -2 K) L tube length (m) m mass flow rate (g/s) P pressure (kPa) q heat flux (kW/m 2 ) R(t) electronic resistivity (Ω m) T temperature (K) t time (min) x location position (m) Subscripts i inside o outside Pc pseudo critical s stable condition v vibration w wall

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Thermal and Element Analyses for Supercritical RP-3 Surface Coke Deposition under Stable and Vibration Conditions

Tao

et al. 2015

Energy Fuels

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“…7 Significant thermal cracking of jet fuel occurs at temperatures above 480°C. 8 Increased fuel conversion will result in more cooling with the formation of more aromatics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and Numerical Investigations on n-Decane Thermal Cracking at Supercritical Pressures in a Vertical Tube

2013

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The flow and heat-transfer behavior of thermal cracking n-decane was investigated experimentally and numerically. An electrically heated vertical tube (2 mm inner diameter) was applied to carry out thermal cracking of supercritical pressure n-decane at various pressures, temperatures, and resident times. The results showed that the second-order reactions increase the formation rates of the light products (especially CH 4 and C 2 H 4 ) for conversions greater than 13%, while the heavy product (C 5 −C 9 ) formation rates are decreased. A global reaction model is given for n-decane conversions less than 13%, including 18 main product species. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed using the real thermal properties and coupled with fuel flow, heat transfer, and wall thermal conduction. Three turbulence models were tried out and then compared to the experimental results. The "SST k−ω model" can better predict the wall temperature than other turbulence models. The predicted fuel and wall temperatures are in good agreement with experimental data. The results also show that ndecane continues to crack with almost half of the n-decane conversion in the connection pipe. Thus, the thermal cracking in the connection pipe should be more carefully analyzed in cracking models.

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“…The +100 additive, present in the fuel at a concentration of 256 mg/l, has been found in limited tests to decrease both particulate emissions and deposit formation in the lines and engine (Edwards & Harrison 2004). However, more recent experience indicates that +100 effectiveness on particulate emissions is highly variable.…”

Section: Purpose Of Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional Fuel Additives for Reduced Jet Particulate Emissions

Montgomery¹,

Sarofim²,

Adams³

et al. 2006

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The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information , 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YY)2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From -To) PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBERReaction Engineering International 77 West 200 South, Suite 210 Salt Lake City, UT 84101 SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY ACRONYM(S) AFRL-PR-WP Propulsion Directorate Air Force Research Laboratory Air Force Materiel Command Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7251 SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER(S) AFRL-PR-WP-TR-2006-2212 DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACTThis report was developed under SBIR contract. A study on fuel additives to suppress soot emissions from gas turbines burning JP-8 was completed. The program consisted of a multifaceted approach involving experimental and computational screening tools to assess the effectiveness of multifunctional additives. The experimental program demonstrated that a laminar drop tube furnace at the University of Utah could effectively screen a large number of additives relatively rapidly and inexpensively as a function of furnace temperature, injection orifice size, injection pressure, and oxygen concentration. Additives were found to be most effective under highly oxidizing conditions. Soot reductions of over 90% were observed for metal-containing additives, know ignition enhancers, and a range of proprietary additives. Modeling capabilities for assessing the effectiveness of additives were developed. Soot models using the method of moments and sectional methods were combined with detailed kinetics models for surrogates of JP-8. the models were validated with experimental data in the literature for a number of simple fuels. Detailed Kinetic mechanisms were developed for two ignition enhancers in the study, di-tertiary butyl peroxide and 2-ethyl-hexyl-nitrate. The kinetic models were incorporated in a CFD code to evaluate diffusion flames representative of the drop tube and swirl stabilized combustor. SUBJECT TERMSSBIR Report, soot, additives, turbine engine emissions, particulates...

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Update on the Development of JP-8+100

Cited by 16 publications

References 29 publications

Thermal and Element Analyses for Supercritical RP-3 Surface Coke Deposition under Stable and Vibration Conditions

Thermal and Element Analyses for Supercritical RP-3 Surface Coke Deposition under Stable and Vibration Conditions

Experimental and Numerical Investigations on n-Decane Thermal Cracking at Supercritical Pressures in a Vertical Tube

Multifunctional Fuel Additives for Reduced Jet Particulate Emissions

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