Update on the Effects of Vitamins A, C, and E and Selenium on Carcinogenesis

Birt, Diane F.

doi:10.3181/00379727-183-42424

Cited by 84 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Vitamin C is mostly known for its antioxidant capacity (Steinmetz and Potter, 1991) and its ability to prevent formation of nitrosamine and other N-nitroso compounds (Birt, 1986). In addition to β-cryptoxanthin, citrus fruits are also known for their high content of vitamin C. After adjustment for β-cryptoxanthin, the small inverse association between vitamin C intake and bladder cancer risk increased towards unity.…”

Section: Vitamins Carotenoids and Bladder Cancer Risk 981mentioning

confidence: 99%

Are retinol, vitamin C, vitamin E, folate and carotenoids intake associated with bladder cancer risk? Results from the Netherlands Cohort Study

2001

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Bladder cancer is the most common urological cancer, and is the seventh most common cancer among men, accounting for approximately 200 000 new cases per year worldwide (Parkin et al, 1999). Over the last four decades, many epidemiologic studies and several reviews have been conducted to investigate determinants of bladder cancer (Johansson and Cohen, 1997;Ross et al, 1996;Silverman et al, 1992; van der Meijden, 1998; World Cancer Research Fund & American Institute for Cancer Research, 1997). These studies suggested that bladder cancer is influenced by environmental factors, including cigarette smoking, fluid consumption, schistosomal infections, exposure to industrial chemicals (e.g. aromatic amines) and diet.Among the dietary factors, it has been suggested that vegetable and fruit consumption may protect against cancer at various anatomical sites. With respect to bladder cancer, most epidemiological studies support a possible protective effect of vegetable (Bruemmer et al, 1996;D'Avanzo et al, 1995;Michaud et al, 1999;Mills et al, 1991;Negri et al, 1991) and fruit consumption (Bruemmer et al, 1996;Chyou et al, 1993;Negri et al, 1991;Shibata et al, 1992), although some studies have reported no association for vegetable (Riboli et al, 1991;Shibata et al, 1992) or fruit consumption (Michaud et al, 1999;Riboli et al, 1991). There are many candidate agents in fruits and vegetables that influence bladder cancer risk, including carotenoids, vitamin C, vitamin E, and folate.In the present prospective study, we were able to explore the influence of the intake of different vitamins (i.e. retinol, vitamin C, vitamin E, and folate), and the use of vitamin-containing supplements on bladder cancer risk with substantially more cases than in previous studies. Furthermore, with the use of a recently developed food composition table on carotenoids in Dutch foods (1986), analyses were performed with α-carotene, β-carotene, lutein plus zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene. MATERIALS AND METHODS CohortThe study design has been described in detail previously (van den Brandt et al, 1990a). The cohort includes 58 279 men and 62 573 women aged 55-69 years at baseline (1986). The study population originated from 204 municipal population registries throughout the country. The case cohort approach was used for data processing and analysis (Prentice, 1986). Following this approach, a subcohort of 3500 subjects (1688 men, 1812 women) was randomly sampled from the cohort after baseline exposure measurement. The subcohort has been followed up for vital status information. No subcohort members were lost to follow-up. Follow-upFollow-up for incident cancer was established by record linkage to cancer registries and the Dutch national database of pathology reports (van den Brandt et al, 1990b). The completeness of cancer follow-up was estimated to be over 95% (Goldbohm et al, 1994b Summary In the Netherlands Cohort Study among 120 852 subjects aged 55-69 years at baseline (1986), the association between vitamins and carotenoids intake, vit...

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Section: Vitamins Carotenoids and Bladder Cancer Risk 981mentioning

confidence: 99%

Are retinol, vitamin C, vitamin E, folate and carotenoids intake associated with bladder cancer risk? Results from the Netherlands Cohort Study

2001

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“…Some studies found inverse associations with intake of specific fruits or vegetables-including carrots (139,148), Chinese flowering cabbage (139), green leafy vegetables (156), fresh soybean products (157); and citrus fruit, oranges, or tangerines (139, 140, 149)-or with dietary intake of vitamin E (144) or C (149), or serum levels of carotene (168), but there have been few detailed evaluations of dietary associations with NPC risk. The apparent protective effect of fruits and vegetables may be attributed to antioxidant effects (169), prevention of nitrosamine formation (170), and other anticarcinogenic properties (171).…”

Section: Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Enigmatic Epidemiology of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Chang

Adami

2006

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

1,161

1,009

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Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has a unique and complex etiology that is not completely understood. Although NPC is rare in most populations, it is a leading form of cancer in a few well-defined populations, including natives of southern China, Southeast Asia, the Arctic, and the Middle East/North Africa. The distinctive racial/ethnic and geographic distribution of NPC worldwide suggests that both environmental factors and genetic traits contribute to its development. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding the epidemiology of NPC and to propose new avenues of research that could help illuminate the causes and ultimately the prevention of this remarkable disease. Well-established risk factors for NPC include elevated antibody titers against the Epstein-Barr virus, consumption of salt-preserved fish, a family history of NPC, and certain human leukocyte antigen class I genotypes. Consumption of other preserved foods, tobacco smoking, and a history of chronic respiratory tract conditions may be associated with elevated NPC risk, whereas consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables and other human leukocyte antigen genotypes may be associated with decreased risk. Evidence for a causal role of various inhalants, herbal medicines, and occupational exposures is inconsistent. Other than dietary modification, no concrete preventive measures for NPC exist. Given the unresolved gaps in understanding of NPC, there is a clear need for large-scale, populationbased molecular epidemiologic studies to elucidate how environmental, viral, and genetic factors interact in both the development and the prevention of this disease. PurposeIntriguing hallmarks of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) include its striking racial/ethnic and geographic variation, as well as its multifactorial etiology involving the interplay of environmental, viral, and genetic risk factors. The precise roles of these factors in the development of NPC, however, remain unknown. The purpose of this review is to highlight what is understood about the epidemiology of NPC, as well as to present unresolved research questions that call for large-scale molecular epidemiologic studies of NPC to illuminate the underlying causes of this fascinating disease. Review MethodsA thorough review of the literature related to the etiology of NPC was undertaken, starting with a Medline search from 1966 onward. Additional papers, book sections, and monographs were identified through examination of reference lists. Because this review aims to present the epidemiologic evidence in a range of topic areas, rather than to calculate overall estimates of effect, formal quantitative methods were not used. All relevant papers have been cited to provide a comprehensive summary of the evidence. Inclusion or exclusion criteria were not applied to individual reports, but the strength, consistency, and relevance of the findings were considered in weighing the evidence.Descriptive Epidemiology

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“…The protective effect of tocopherols against chemical carcinogenesis has been extensively studied in various animals models with different routes of vitamin E administration [14,20]. While tocotrienols have been reported to inhibit the growth of several transplantable murine tumors, particularly sarcoma 180, Ehrlich carcinoma, IMC carcinoma and Meth A fibrosarcoma, the tocopherols had no such effect [7].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%