Update on the Impact of Omega 3 Fatty Acids on Inflammation, Insulin Resistance and Sarcopenia: A Review

Stella, Alex Buoite; Cappellari, Gianluca Gortan; Barazzoni, Rocco; Zanetti, Michela

doi:10.3390/ijms19010218

Cited by 66 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Concomitantly, omega-3s increase the mRNA expression of negative regulators of inflammatory signaling, such as the monocyte chemoattractant 1-induced protein (MCPIP; +9.3-fold) and the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3; +1.7-fold) [ 101 ]. In patients with MetS a reduction of high sensitivity CRP levels [ 102 ] has been found, although data from a number of clinical studies on this topic have been inconsistent [ 91 , 103 ].…”

Section: Ppar-α: Fibrates and Omega-3 Fatty Acids In The Metabolicmentioning

confidence: 99%

PPAR Agonists and Metabolic Syndrome: An Established Role?

Botta

Audano

Sahebkar

et al. 2018

IJMS

199

129

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Therapeutic approaches to metabolic syndrome (MetS) are numerous and may target lipoproteins, blood pressure or anthropometric indices. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are involved in the metabolic regulation of lipid and lipoprotein levels, i.e., triglycerides (TGs), blood glucose, and abdominal adiposity. PPARs may be classified into the α, β/δ and γ subtypes. The PPAR-α agonists, mainly fibrates (including newer molecules such as pemafibrate) and omega-3 fatty acids, are powerful TG-lowering agents. They mainly affect TG catabolism and, particularly with fibrates, raise the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). PPAR-γ agonists, mainly glitazones, show a smaller activity on TGs but are powerful glucose-lowering agents. Newer PPAR-α/δ agonists, e.g., elafibranor, have been designed to achieve single drugs with TG-lowering and HDL-C-raising effects, in addition to the insulin-sensitizing and antihyperglycemic effects of glitazones. They also hold promise for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) which is closely associated with the MetS. The PPAR system thus offers an important hope in the management of atherogenic dyslipidemias, although concerns regarding potential adverse events such as the rise of plasma creatinine, gallstone formation, drug–drug interactions (i.e., gemfibrozil) and myopathy should also be acknowledged.

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Section: Ppar-α: Fibrates and Omega-3 Fatty Acids In The Metabolicmentioning

confidence: 99%

PPAR Agonists and Metabolic Syndrome: An Established Role?

Botta

Audano

Sahebkar

et al. 2018

IJMS

199

129

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“…Moreover, a systematic review and meta-analysis by Natto et al (2019) concluded that these omega-3 fatty acids may be associated with lower plasma levels of inflammatory biomarkers in diabetic patients. However, results regarding their effect on glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes are less clear (Stella et al, 2018). Also regarding other chronic diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and chronic kidney disease, the effects of n-3 LC-PUFA are inconclusive (Jump et al, 2018;Saglimbene et al, 2019).…”

Section: The Main Components Of the Oil From Cf And Their Effect On Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Possible Health Effects of a Wax Ester Rich Marine Oil

et al. 2020

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The consumption of seafood and the use of fish oil for the production of nutraceuticals and fish feed have increased over the past decades due the high content of long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids. This increase has put pressure on the sustainability of fisheries. One way to overcome the limited supply of fish oil is to harvest lower in the marine food web. Calanus finmarchicus, feeding on phytoplankton, is a small copepod constituting a considerable biomass in the North Atlantic and is a novel source of omega-3 fatty acids. The oil is, however, different from other commercial marine oils in terms of chemistry and, possibly, bioactivity since it contains wax esters. Wax esters are fatty acids that are esterified with alcohols. In addition to the long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the oil is also rich in stearidonic acid (SDA), long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids, and the long-chain fatty alcohols eicosenol and docosenol. Recent animal studies have indicated antiinflammatory and anti-obesogenic actions of this copepod oil beyond that provided by EPA and DHA. This review will discuss potential mechanisms behind these beneficial effects of the oil, focusing on the impact of the various components of the oil. The health effects of EPA and DHA are well recognized, whereas long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids and long-chain fatty alcohols have to a large degree been overlooked in relation to human health. Recently, however the fatty alcohols have received interest as potential targets for improved health via conversion to their corresponding fatty acids. Together, the different lipid components of the oil from C. finmarchicus may have potential as nutraceuticals for reducing obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders.

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“…The pH-buffering capacity of the interstitial fluid is much lower compared with that in the blood and in the cytosol ( Figure 1 and Figure 3 ), meaning that interstitial fluid pH in metabolic tissues is variable depending on metabolic conditions. One of the most serious problems in glucose metabolism caused by the lowered pH value of the interstitial fluid [ 1 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 113 , 160 , 161 , 162 , 163 , 164 , 165 , 166 ] is occurrence of the insulin resistance [ 1 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 113 ]. The lowered interstitial fluid (extracellular) pH diminishes insulin action on glucose uptake in rat skeletal model cells [ 110 , 167 ].…”

Section: Roles Of Abnormal Interstitial Fluid Ph In Diabetes Mellimentioning

confidence: 99%

The Proposal of Molecular Mechanisms of Weak Organic Acids Intake-Induced Improvement of Insulin Resistance in Diabetes Mellitus via Elevation of Interstitial Fluid pH

Marunaka

2018

IJMS

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Blood contains powerful pH-buffering molecules such as hemoglobin (Hb) and albumin, while interstitial fluids have little pH-buffering molecules. Thus, even under metabolic disorder conditions except severe cases, arterial blood pH is kept constant within the normal range (7.35~7.45), but the interstitial fluid pH under metabolic disorder conditions becomes lower than the normal level. Insulin resistance is one of the most important key factors in pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, nevertheless the molecular mechanism of insulin resistance occurrence is still unclear. Our studies indicate that lowered interstitial fluid pH occurs in diabetes mellitus, causing insulin resistance via reduction of the binding affinity of insulin to its receptor. Therefore, the key point for improvement of insulin resistance occurring in diabetes mellitus is development of methods or techniques elevating the lowered interstitial fluid pH. Intake of weak organic acids is found to improve the insulin resistance by elevating the lowered interstitial fluid pH in diabetes mellitus. One of the molecular mechanisms of the pH elevation is that: (1) the carboxyl group (R-COO−) but not H+ composing weak organic acids in foods is absorbed into the body, and (2) the absorbed the carboxyl group (R-COO−) behaves as a pH buffer material, elevating the interstitial fluid pH. On the other hand, high salt intake has been suggested to cause diabetes mellitus; however, the molecular mechanism is unclear. A possible mechanism of high salt intake-caused diabetes mellitus is proposed from a viewpoint of regulation of the interstitial fluid pH: high salt intake lowers the interstitial fluid pH via high production of H+ associated with ATP synthesis required for the Na+,K+-ATPase to extrude the high leveled intracellular Na+ caused by high salt intake. This review article introduces the molecular mechanism causing the lowered interstitial fluid pH and insulin resistance in diabetes mellitus, the improvement of insulin resistance via intake of weak organic acid-containing foods, and a proposal mechanism of high salt intake-caused diabetes mellitus.

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Update on the Impact of Omega 3 Fatty Acids on Inflammation, Insulin Resistance and Sarcopenia: A Review

Cited by 66 publications

References 57 publications

PPAR Agonists and Metabolic Syndrome: An Established Role?

PPAR Agonists and Metabolic Syndrome: An Established Role?

Possible Health Effects of a Wax Ester Rich Marine Oil

The Proposal of Molecular Mechanisms of Weak Organic Acids Intake-Induced Improvement of Insulin Resistance in Diabetes Mellitus via Elevation of Interstitial Fluid pH

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